The Effects Of Stress On The Workplace - 1398 Words

â€Å"Stress is the body’s response to any change that requires an adjustment or response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental and emotional responses. Stress is a normal part of life.†(WebMD UK) Stress is the feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure. Pressure turns into stress when one feels unable to cope. For workers everywhere, the economy may feel like an emotional roller coaster. Layoffs and budget cuts are common in the workplace, and the result is increased fear, uncertainty, and higher levels of stress ( Jeanne Segal, Melinda Smith, Lawrence Robinson, and Robert Segal, 2015). Symptoms of Stress These are some of the symptoms of stress: Truancy, getting away from work obligations, arriving†¦show more content†¦A model of framework of the effects of the stress on performance shows that, there are 4 types of individual effects of stress which are: Cognitive, Emotional, Behavioural, physiological. Behind every successful business there is an excellent team working strategy. With companies who are facing problems to execute its strategies and potential in order to reach the aimed profit, should look after the employees and try to make them enjoy the work environment. If the employees are stressed or burdened with work, it leads to team effects of stress which are Decreased Coordination, Decreased Cooperation and Ineffective Communication (Aaron S. Dietz). Poor communication between the team members, would not bring out innovative ideas for the business, mutual understanding and wide range of perspectives from every individual. It is broadly recognised that workload is a multidimensional construct (Yeh and Wickens, 1988) and that stress is a component of a person-environment/task transaction that involves the individual s evaluation of his accessible assets with respect to errand requests (Matthews, 2001). Theory of organisational Stress As per Cote S. and Morgan LM (2002), anxiety is fundamentally a type of upsetting feeling and has the possibility to expand worker turnover. In any case, different creators, for example, Hart and Cooper (2001) point out that established researchers still has not came to a concurred position on

Biological Factors of Human Relationships Free Essays

Biological factors are something that contributes hugely to the formation and maintenance of relationships- whether it is romantic, friendly or family related. Many researchers have conducted studies in which they have attempted to try and explain the link between biological factors and human relationships. I am going to specifically focus on Bowlby’s study on the role of hormones in bonding, Buss’ study on women jealousy and its relation to estrogen levels, Fishers study on the brain and its role in romantic relationships, and Marazziti who studied the effect of serotonin on love obsession. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological Factors of Human Relationships or any similar topic only for you Order Now These studies will help me show the role that biological factors have in human relationships in both the development and maintenance of them. Serotonin. A neurotransmitter that may be involved in love, but is more commonly known as a chemical in the brain to change according to the moods of a person. A study conducted by Marazziti et al (1999) in Pisa (Italy) was to determine whether serotonin could perhaps explain the continuous focus on the beloved. The study mainly showed that the early stage of love really changes the way that people think. He used 60 participants; 20 who were in love, 20 who were OCD and 20 neutrals- who were not in love or OCD (controlled variable). He conducted the experiment by analyzing samples of blood from each of the participants. He found that the serotonin levels in the lovers were that of the same level as those participants who had OCD. This helps to show that there is a possible connection between the serotonin levels in the blood and the connection of romantic love. However some downfalls to this experiment could be the fact that Marazziti did not document or analyze and consider the serotonin activity in the specific brain regions may effect the validity and the reliability of the results from the study. This is because without having these factors being played into the study and research we are unsure of the exact role that serotonin has in romantic love. Hence, the influence of this biological factor is not soundly connected with romantic relationships and has no definite tie to show how it affects or doesn’t affect it. The development of a relationship from the first and early stages of love to the more developed stages, couples tend to move from the passionate love to the more intimate relationship of relaxation, dependency, and security which all play into attachment. In 1969 Bowlby suggested, â€Å"Humans have an innate attachment system which consists of specific behaviours and psychological responses called attachment behaviours. † For his experiment it mainly was conducted for research on mother child relationships however many believe that the results are relatable to both mother child and romantic relationships. According to more modern research, it has been shown that both oxytocin- a powerful hormone which is released in men and women during touching and sex which helps to deepen and intensify the feelings of the select attachment- and vasopressin- a hormone released also during sex- help in increasing the bond that is between two lovers. Through this it helps the couples to feel closer and more bonded. One of the main criticisms of this experiment was the complexity of the researched relationships and how since they didn’t consider other factors that might affect the results, therefore resulting in the possibility that it could be unreliable. However if looking at just this one aspect, this biological factor can be considered to have an influence on human relationships both mother child and romantic, but it is unknown the influence when other factors are in play as well. In 1996, Buss suggested that jealousy may be something that is biologically based, and found that women’s patterns of jealousy vary throughout their menstrual cycle. So when oestrogen levels are low, women tend to be more sexually jealous where as when the oestrogen levels are relatively high women tend to be more emotionally jealous. This helped to set the base of his argument that â€Å"human sexual behaviour is grounded in the need to optimize the potential for reproduction, with the goal of the best genetic combination possible for the offspring, as well as maximizing parental care after a birth. † When he did his study in 1993 he found that women and men in regions of the world with high levels of pathogen stress rated the importance of physical attractiveness. For this study there was a huge amount of gender bias as he tends to favor men and only criticizes women†¦ This gives an uneven weighting and unreliable results from the research. Also he made generalizations that cant be made as different people have different personalities. Due to these criticisms, there can be hints at possibilities on his theories of this biological factors affect on human relationships however it is not something that has been proven. Finally, Fishers research in 2001was a conducted study using FMRI (functioning magnetic resonance imaging) to analyze and examine the impact of the brain on romantic love. He took a large sample of young couples to test in this experiment. He took each person individually into the scanner and showed him or her a picture of their beloved and of an acquaintance in 6-second intervals. Throughout this process, Fisher got results that showed the brain in love. This is because the brain showed the â€Å"reward† system when the picture of their loved one came up however when the neutral or controlled picture showed, there was no activity. Interestingly, the more passionate people were- in accordance to the questionnaire they filled out of the â€Å"Passionate Love Scale† before the test- the more active the brains reward system was as well. All in all this shows that yes this biological factor does play a role in the overall outlook of human relationships. Overall, we can see that throughout the vast variety of different studies done by a variety of different psychologists, there are quite a few things that a lot of them did not consider. Through this we can see that yes there are a lot of things that could play a role in the human relationships but due to the criticisms and downfalls of the studies we are yet to discover how much of a role they do actually play. How to cite Biological Factors of Human Relationships, Papers

A Critical Corporate Social Responsibility - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the A Critical Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Ethical Issue Various ethical issues related to garment industry in Indian have been discussed in the documentary Blood, Sweat T-shirt. The ethical issues are associated with the worst condition of the Indian garment industry. The miserable condition is everywhere, starting from the working environment of the garment industry, the behavior of the management of the top class garment industry in Delhi, cheapest labor and poor wages and illegal child employment (Shibboleth Authentication Request, 2017). These are the common problem in the Indian garment industry; especially the poor wages of the workers and sometimes it is seen that in some of the factories, children below the age of 18 are working, which is illegal in Indian subcontinent. A group of high street fashion victims starts to explore the Indian garment industry. They want to know the cloths that they wear, how is it made and who made that? They come to India and visit some of the garment factories in India. They start to live and earn li ke a garment labor of India. While they visited the top class garment factory in New Delhi, they have faced poor wages of the workers and miserable and non-friendly attitude of the management. After that, they came to a backstreet workshop in West Delhi where many migrant tailors work. Here the main ethical issues that were discussed are poor working condition of the labor and very basic payment. Here the workers can work up to 15 hours a day; however, they earn as little as 15 pence per garment (Shibboleth Authentication Request, 2017). Poor wage and cheap labor were the similar problem in the cotton firm of Hariyana. The major ethical issue faced by this six people was child labor, which was shown when this group visit Dharivi situated in the Business city Mumbai and the largest slum in Asia. Broad View of Corporate Social Responsibility The Broad view of the CSR is involved with taking responsibilities towards the community and society apart from fulfilling tier primary objective, which is profit maximization in business (Carroll, 2015). Every corporate should be obliged to fulfill its duty for the society, community and environment. Broad view of Corporate Social Responsibility captures the effort of the corporate to make the condition of the society better. In this broad view, the corporate want to address the negative side of the society and eradicate the problem by their business practices. This view opposes the classical view of the CSR and incorporates the socio-economic perspective of the business. This view also considers that the business organization is part of our society. Therefore, it should fulfill its responsibilities by performing the duties towards the society apart from the profit maximization (Crane, Matten Spence, 2013). Financial aspect of the business or the profit maximization does not necess arily fulfill the responsibilities and liabilities of towards the society. Narrow View of Corporate Social Responsibility Narrow view of the CSR considers the only goal of the business organizations and entities is to maximize their profit. This is the classical view regarding the social liabilities in businesses. According to this view, the companies are the business entities and economic organization, which want to make profit (Schwartz Saiia, 2012). They consider their goal towards the society is to provide the best possible services and necessary goods and in return, they will create the maximum amount of profit, which should e provided to the shareholders. According to the Noble Prize Winner and Economist Milton Friedman, the unique responsibility of the managers of the firms is to operate the business operation in such a way that satisfies the shareholders interest (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The maximization of the profit should coincide with satisfaction of the shareholders. The clothing retailers who buy goods from the Indian factory incorporate a narrow view of Corporate Social Responsibility. They buy cloths in exchange of money. The retailers only show their profits and maximize their profit in any way. They never consider the social responsibilities and well-being of the workers of the Indian factory. They consider themselves as the economic organization and engage in business to create maximum amount of profit, which would be distributed among the shareholders of the business. Argument that justifies the Narrow View One of the arguments that are used to justify taking the narrow view of the corporate social responsibility is the invisible hand argument. In this argument, Adam Smith has discussed that in the free market, business organization should promote their profit-based self-interest where economy leads a major role (Hack, Kenyon Wood, 2014). According to him, in acting like this, the business organization is guided by an invisible-hand (Schwartz Saiia, 2012). The corporations are made to fulfill the business of their own and that is the greatest responsibility of them. However, forcing the corporation about fulfilling their CSR duty will reduce their capability to produce the material requirement of the society and in an evitable result; they will fail to fulfill our well-being, as their essential responsibility is to satisfy the material needs of the society. The corporations have their economic goals and fulfilling that goal will help them to satisfy their social duty. They do not need to satisfy their moral goal. By fulfilling the economic goal the organization, promote the general good and well-being of the society in anyway. Thus, the organizations are performing the social responsibility. Argument that justifies the Broad View Argument that justifies the broad view of the CSR is that with great power it is expected from an organization to perform grate responsibilities towards society. Organizations in the todays world are large and powerful, influential entities. They have huge economic power. With the power, the organizations are bound to behave ethically as responsibilities should come with huge power (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The ethical behavior includes making social well-being and doing welfare for the society. The broad view of the CSR encompasses the social responsibility of the corporate organization. The narrow view of the CSR could be applied in the documentary Blood Sweat T-shirt in a way that the shareholders or managers of the Indian garment factories are more concerned about making their own profit. However, the invisible hand theory could best be applied in the free market economy and in this case; India is a mixed market economy. The business organizations of the garment industry of India are more interested to fulfill their own profit-based business interest where economy leads a major role. As the actions and roles of the private garment industry owners of India are only concerned to make their own profit by minimizing the wages of the workers and providing poor working environment, thus the theory of the Adam Smith could be applied in these factors of the documentary. In this case, the invisible hand is related to create a garment business chain in Indian free market economy where the business holders are export their goods internationally and in this way the invisible hand help them to make their own profit. These organizations of India are doing well-being in the society by fulfilling their own economic goals according to the theory of Adam Smith. The broad view of the CSR could be applied in the documentary Blood Sweat and T-shirt in a way that individual is acting like an economic organization and contributing towards the well-being of the society. In the documentary, no national or international corporate organizations take the initiatives to help the poor child labor of Indian factory. The employment of the child labor is seen in Dharivi, which is the largest slum of Asia and many workers including some children work in the garment factories located in Dharivi. Amrita and Stacy in this documentary have acted like an organization and started to collect money to help in the education and well-being of the poor children in India who worked as the labors in the garment industry. The broad view of the CSR discussed in this paper encompasses the responsibilities of the business organizations towards the well-being of the society. In the documentary, Stacy and Amrita who live in the developed country sell some products and make m oney to help the children of India, which takes the broad view of the CSR. Ethics of Care The Ethics of Care is part of the normative ethical theory, which states that interpersonal relationships and benevolence is the centre of moral action. Some of the beliefs in this theory are interpersonal dependence of the human being in society (Crane Matten, 2016). The broad view of the CSR discussed in this paper could be related to the ethics of care as the broad view encompasses the interpersonal relationship between Amrita and Stacy with the poor children in India who would work as child labor in the garment factories in India. In the documentary, all the six members have felt about the poor labor condition of the garment industry. Among them, especially Amrita and Stacy have tried to organize some money that could be helpful for the education of the Indian child labor. The interpersonal relationship and the moral action of benevolence in the members of the foreign group and their contribution towards the Indian society in the documentary correlate the ethics of care and the broad view of the CSR. Professional Moral Obligations The business professional should have some responsibilities and duties towards the society and well-being of the Individual according to the broad view of the CSR (Hack, Kenyon Wood, 2014). These responsibilities are their professional moral obligation. The moral obligations of the professionals could make a difference to the lives of the Indian workers. If the business professionals employ money towards the development of the basic life style or in the education of the workers that would be helpful for them to grow and lead a comfortable life. The working condition and the wages of the Indian workers are very bad. The business professionals who are the part of the society and could behave like the economic organization should be obliged to fulfill some of the moral responsibilities towards the well-being of the society. the Indian workers are also the part of the society and they do not have money for leading their basic life style. The business professionals in this scenario could provide their help towards the welfare of the workers. As a professional business person I could influence the changes of the Indian workers and I would feel that it is my responsibility to help others. References Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility.Organizational dynamics,44(2), 87-96. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Crane, A., Matten, D., Spence, L. J. (2013). Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Hack, L., Kenyon, A. J., Wood, E. H. (2014). A Critical Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Timeline: how should it be understood now.International Journal of Management Cases,16(4), 46-55. Schwartz, M. S., Saiia, D. (2012). Should firms go beyond profits? Milton Friedman versus broad CSR.Business and Society Review,117(1), 1-31. Shibboleth Authentication Request. (2017).Edutv-informit-com-au.ezproxy.csu.edu.au. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://edutv-informit-com-au.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/watch-screen.php?videoID=30312

Monsoon in Pakistan free essay sample

Monsoon originates from Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea and then it travels to Indian Subcontinent. 7. Monsoon Path. Due to pressure difference over land and ocean winds start to blow from Southern Oceans to northern land. Under the influence of pressure gradient force and geostraphic force ultimately taking a South West direction. The phenomenon of monsoon is similar to that of sea breeze but it occurs on a very large scale. These South West moisture laden winds due to the southward protruding kink of India are then divided into two currents:- a. The Arabian Sea Current. These winds enter India from south west of India.The first area where monsoon strikes India is Kerala district (Western Ghats) and goes till central India conceding intense rains. b. The Bay of Bengal Current. These winds go to bay of Bangal and from there it enters Bangladesh and India. After blowing to North, it is stopped by the great Hamalayas from blowing it further north. We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Here these winds and the Arabian Sea winds join and blow to west resulting in monsoon in Pakistan. 8. Trigger Actions. Monsoon winds by them selves are not capable to give any precipitation. They need to be lifted up by some trigger actions to form clouds.Once lifted, they produce huge heap type clouds (Cumulus and cumulonimbus) with lots of moisture in them. Trigger actions are: a. Orographic Uplift. The marked influence of orography on monsoon precipitation pattern may be observed on Western Ghats, where a mountain range of 6000 ft – 7000 ft uplifts the moisture laden Arabian Sea current to sufficient height, required for condensation, and give plenty of rain fall on the wind ward side of Western Ghats. Now some portion of same current also reach the Thar Desert and Karachi but they get very rare rains because there is no Orographic uplifting there.The North and North Eastern parts of Pakistan Punjab (up to Rawalpindi / Islamabad) also get monsoon precipitation due to orography of the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges. b. Convection. As these moisture laden winds blow over the hot surface they become warm themselves, so as a result they start to rise up to form individual heap clouds. It is a common observation in summers that cumulus clouds are formed in the noon which grow with surface heating and ultimately turn in to CBs to give thunder storms in the afternoon. These clouds gradually dissipate in the evening due to fall of temperature. . Wind Convergence. Some times local convergence of winds takes place, which up lifts the air sufficiently to form Convective clouds (Cumulus and Cumulonimbus). This local convergence, not being associated with any pressure system, may occur at any time during the day or night and give precipitation. It is very difficult to forecast this phenomenon. 9. Factors Controlling Movement of Monsoon a. Low Over Tibet Plateau. The Tibet plateau is a 200 KM long, 1000 Km wide block of high ground over which a low forms in summers. This plays a major role in the rapid arrival of monsoon in June.In a simplified way it can be said that Tibetan low is responsible for sucking in the monsoon to deeper (Northern) parts of subcontinent. b. Himalayas. Had it not been for East / West belt of Himalayas and Hindukush ranges the monsoon would have never reached Pakistan. These ranges play two roles, not only they deflect the currents towards Pakistan but also provide Orographic up lift due to which Pakistan’s northern parts get monsoon precipitation. c. Sub Tropical Jet Stream. This is a westerly jet stream between 28 33 degree North latitudes, found at approximately 30,000 feet. Although in April/ May monsoon winds are established but their northward surge is hindered by this jet stream, however in early June this jet stream moves northward to 40 degree North latitude so only then winds travel to northern parts of subcontinent. 10. Time Span of Monsoon. The monsoon season is divided into three periods:- a. Pre monsoon Period. This is an interim period from April till June. A low or a secondary low develops over Balochistan. Due to surface heating temperatures all over the country rise and pressures fall. The atmosphere becomes unstable and thunderstorms occur frequently.The activity is more frequent in the Northern and Western parts of the country with dust storm in the Southern parts. Temperature increases to 21 to 37 degree Celsius in the North and 45 to 50 degree Celsius in the plains. (1)Monthly Climatic Conditions (a)April. Rain/ thunderstorms are frequent, particularly in the northern parts of the country. Few dust storms also occur in this month. (b)May. Temperatures increase all over the country. Dust storms are quite frequent, thunderstorm and rains also occur. Visibility associated with dust storm reduces considerably.There are number of occasions when the visibility is less than 500 meters. On some occasions visibility is reduced to less than 100 Meters. (c)June. It is the period of maximum instability. Frequency of dust storms is more. Poor visibility, associated with dust in suspension (DIS) prevails over the plains of Sind, Punjab and Balochistan. Maximum temperatures are seen in this month. b. Mosoon Period. This is a period from July to September. The activity of hail and thunderstorm is more over the hills in the northern and western areas whereas the dust storms are more pronounced over the plains of Punjab, Sind and Balochistan.The average rainfall during this period in the northern parts ranges between 25 to 75 millimeter and in the southern parts 05 to 25 millimeters. (1)Monthly Climatic Conditions (a)July. Sialkot is the first district to receive monsoon and is followed by Gujranwala, Lahore and Rawalpindi divisions. Severe thundery activity, accompanied by rain, is a normal feature. The visibility remains 6 to 10 km, except during rain, when it may fall to less than 2 km. (b)August. This is the month of intense rainfall, particularly, in the upper parts of Punjab. Water level rises in the rivers and frequently floods occur.Visibility remains 5 to 7 km. (c)September. Monsoon starts to withdraw during this month. Frequency of rainfall decreases. Visibility remains 5 to 7 km. c. Post Monsoon Period. Post monsoon period is the driest of all the seasons. By this time monsoon has withdrawn completely. While the westerly waves are moving further north of Pakistan mostly along the central Asian States. Prolonged dry spell with some isolated rains over the northern areas is the common characteristic of this period. (1)Monthly Climatic Conditions (a)October. This month generally marks the end of the monsoon in Pakistan. Fair weather generally prevails.There are a few occasions of thunderstorm in the northern parts of the country. Visibility is often poor in the morning due to smoke haze/ dust. (b)November. Weather is generally good though the occasions of poor visibility due to dust or smoke haze are more than October. 11. Flying Hazards. Effects of monsoon on flying are:- a. Beware of sudden local development which can take place any where and at any time. Must check weather forecast before commencement of flying. b. Turbulence tends to increase and if severe, may make control of the aircraft difficult. Altimeter may give erroneous readings and gyro-operated flying instruments may topple. . Lightning may make small holes in the aircraft and cause false magnetic compass readings. Do not fly in 20 nautical miles radius of thunderstorm. d. Heavy hail may cause structural damage. Do not fly when rain or hail is forecasted. Do not park aircrafts in open. e. Ice formation in cumulonimbus clouds may be severe though usually short-lived and normal icing condition such as airframe and engine icing may occur. Cumulonimbus clouds must be avoided. f. Severe turbulence below/ within clouds and in the vicinity of cumulonimbus clouds. g. Sharp pressure change may occur. Must check and apply QNH before landing. h.Overcast conditions with low and medium clouds. Must get weather forecast specially the cloud base and radar picture for precipitation. i. Mixture setting gets disturbed, and if not adjusted can lead to engine quital. 12. Conclusion. After having studied the phenomenon of Monsoon in Pakistan, you all must be clear about its development, travel and weather conditions during monsoon. Its not only in Rahwali but after you all graduate from this place wherever you go must keep in mind hazards associated with monsoon. Never take chance with weather in flying as it might prove to be dangerous/ hazardous. Fly safe and best of luck.