The Effects Of Stress On The Workplace - 1398 Words

â€Å"Stress is the body’s response to any change that requires an adjustment or response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental and emotional responses. Stress is a normal part of life.†(WebMD UK) Stress is the feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure. Pressure turns into stress when one feels unable to cope. For workers everywhere, the economy may feel like an emotional roller coaster. Layoffs and budget cuts are common in the workplace, and the result is increased fear, uncertainty, and higher levels of stress ( Jeanne Segal, Melinda Smith, Lawrence Robinson, and Robert Segal, 2015). Symptoms of Stress These are some of the symptoms of stress: Truancy, getting away from work obligations, arriving†¦show more content†¦A model of framework of the effects of the stress on performance shows that, there are 4 types of individual effects of stress which are: Cognitive, Emotional, Behavioural, physiological. Behind every successful business there is an excellent team working strategy. With companies who are facing problems to execute its strategies and potential in order to reach the aimed profit, should look after the employees and try to make them enjoy the work environment. If the employees are stressed or burdened with work, it leads to team effects of stress which are Decreased Coordination, Decreased Cooperation and Ineffective Communication (Aaron S. Dietz). Poor communication between the team members, would not bring out innovative ideas for the business, mutual understanding and wide range of perspectives from every individual. It is broadly recognised that workload is a multidimensional construct (Yeh and Wickens, 1988) and that stress is a component of a person-environment/task transaction that involves the individual s evaluation of his accessible assets with respect to errand requests (Matthews, 2001). Theory of organisational Stress As per Cote S. and Morgan LM (2002), anxiety is fundamentally a type of upsetting feeling and has the possibility to expand worker turnover. In any case, different creators, for example, Hart and Cooper (2001) point out that established researchers still has not came to a concurred position on

Biological Factors of Human Relationships Free Essays

Biological factors are something that contributes hugely to the formation and maintenance of relationships- whether it is romantic, friendly or family related. Many researchers have conducted studies in which they have attempted to try and explain the link between biological factors and human relationships. I am going to specifically focus on Bowlby’s study on the role of hormones in bonding, Buss’ study on women jealousy and its relation to estrogen levels, Fishers study on the brain and its role in romantic relationships, and Marazziti who studied the effect of serotonin on love obsession. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological Factors of Human Relationships or any similar topic only for you Order Now These studies will help me show the role that biological factors have in human relationships in both the development and maintenance of them. Serotonin. A neurotransmitter that may be involved in love, but is more commonly known as a chemical in the brain to change according to the moods of a person. A study conducted by Marazziti et al (1999) in Pisa (Italy) was to determine whether serotonin could perhaps explain the continuous focus on the beloved. The study mainly showed that the early stage of love really changes the way that people think. He used 60 participants; 20 who were in love, 20 who were OCD and 20 neutrals- who were not in love or OCD (controlled variable). He conducted the experiment by analyzing samples of blood from each of the participants. He found that the serotonin levels in the lovers were that of the same level as those participants who had OCD. This helps to show that there is a possible connection between the serotonin levels in the blood and the connection of romantic love. However some downfalls to this experiment could be the fact that Marazziti did not document or analyze and consider the serotonin activity in the specific brain regions may effect the validity and the reliability of the results from the study. This is because without having these factors being played into the study and research we are unsure of the exact role that serotonin has in romantic love. Hence, the influence of this biological factor is not soundly connected with romantic relationships and has no definite tie to show how it affects or doesn’t affect it. The development of a relationship from the first and early stages of love to the more developed stages, couples tend to move from the passionate love to the more intimate relationship of relaxation, dependency, and security which all play into attachment. In 1969 Bowlby suggested, â€Å"Humans have an innate attachment system which consists of specific behaviours and psychological responses called attachment behaviours. † For his experiment it mainly was conducted for research on mother child relationships however many believe that the results are relatable to both mother child and romantic relationships. According to more modern research, it has been shown that both oxytocin- a powerful hormone which is released in men and women during touching and sex which helps to deepen and intensify the feelings of the select attachment- and vasopressin- a hormone released also during sex- help in increasing the bond that is between two lovers. Through this it helps the couples to feel closer and more bonded. One of the main criticisms of this experiment was the complexity of the researched relationships and how since they didn’t consider other factors that might affect the results, therefore resulting in the possibility that it could be unreliable. However if looking at just this one aspect, this biological factor can be considered to have an influence on human relationships both mother child and romantic, but it is unknown the influence when other factors are in play as well. In 1996, Buss suggested that jealousy may be something that is biologically based, and found that women’s patterns of jealousy vary throughout their menstrual cycle. So when oestrogen levels are low, women tend to be more sexually jealous where as when the oestrogen levels are relatively high women tend to be more emotionally jealous. This helped to set the base of his argument that â€Å"human sexual behaviour is grounded in the need to optimize the potential for reproduction, with the goal of the best genetic combination possible for the offspring, as well as maximizing parental care after a birth. † When he did his study in 1993 he found that women and men in regions of the world with high levels of pathogen stress rated the importance of physical attractiveness. For this study there was a huge amount of gender bias as he tends to favor men and only criticizes women†¦ This gives an uneven weighting and unreliable results from the research. Also he made generalizations that cant be made as different people have different personalities. Due to these criticisms, there can be hints at possibilities on his theories of this biological factors affect on human relationships however it is not something that has been proven. Finally, Fishers research in 2001was a conducted study using FMRI (functioning magnetic resonance imaging) to analyze and examine the impact of the brain on romantic love. He took a large sample of young couples to test in this experiment. He took each person individually into the scanner and showed him or her a picture of their beloved and of an acquaintance in 6-second intervals. Throughout this process, Fisher got results that showed the brain in love. This is because the brain showed the â€Å"reward† system when the picture of their loved one came up however when the neutral or controlled picture showed, there was no activity. Interestingly, the more passionate people were- in accordance to the questionnaire they filled out of the â€Å"Passionate Love Scale† before the test- the more active the brains reward system was as well. All in all this shows that yes this biological factor does play a role in the overall outlook of human relationships. Overall, we can see that throughout the vast variety of different studies done by a variety of different psychologists, there are quite a few things that a lot of them did not consider. Through this we can see that yes there are a lot of things that could play a role in the human relationships but due to the criticisms and downfalls of the studies we are yet to discover how much of a role they do actually play. How to cite Biological Factors of Human Relationships, Papers

A Critical Corporate Social Responsibility - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the A Critical Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Ethical Issue Various ethical issues related to garment industry in Indian have been discussed in the documentary Blood, Sweat T-shirt. The ethical issues are associated with the worst condition of the Indian garment industry. The miserable condition is everywhere, starting from the working environment of the garment industry, the behavior of the management of the top class garment industry in Delhi, cheapest labor and poor wages and illegal child employment (Shibboleth Authentication Request, 2017). These are the common problem in the Indian garment industry; especially the poor wages of the workers and sometimes it is seen that in some of the factories, children below the age of 18 are working, which is illegal in Indian subcontinent. A group of high street fashion victims starts to explore the Indian garment industry. They want to know the cloths that they wear, how is it made and who made that? They come to India and visit some of the garment factories in India. They start to live and earn li ke a garment labor of India. While they visited the top class garment factory in New Delhi, they have faced poor wages of the workers and miserable and non-friendly attitude of the management. After that, they came to a backstreet workshop in West Delhi where many migrant tailors work. Here the main ethical issues that were discussed are poor working condition of the labor and very basic payment. Here the workers can work up to 15 hours a day; however, they earn as little as 15 pence per garment (Shibboleth Authentication Request, 2017). Poor wage and cheap labor were the similar problem in the cotton firm of Hariyana. The major ethical issue faced by this six people was child labor, which was shown when this group visit Dharivi situated in the Business city Mumbai and the largest slum in Asia. Broad View of Corporate Social Responsibility The Broad view of the CSR is involved with taking responsibilities towards the community and society apart from fulfilling tier primary objective, which is profit maximization in business (Carroll, 2015). Every corporate should be obliged to fulfill its duty for the society, community and environment. Broad view of Corporate Social Responsibility captures the effort of the corporate to make the condition of the society better. In this broad view, the corporate want to address the negative side of the society and eradicate the problem by their business practices. This view opposes the classical view of the CSR and incorporates the socio-economic perspective of the business. This view also considers that the business organization is part of our society. Therefore, it should fulfill its responsibilities by performing the duties towards the society apart from the profit maximization (Crane, Matten Spence, 2013). Financial aspect of the business or the profit maximization does not necess arily fulfill the responsibilities and liabilities of towards the society. Narrow View of Corporate Social Responsibility Narrow view of the CSR considers the only goal of the business organizations and entities is to maximize their profit. This is the classical view regarding the social liabilities in businesses. According to this view, the companies are the business entities and economic organization, which want to make profit (Schwartz Saiia, 2012). They consider their goal towards the society is to provide the best possible services and necessary goods and in return, they will create the maximum amount of profit, which should e provided to the shareholders. According to the Noble Prize Winner and Economist Milton Friedman, the unique responsibility of the managers of the firms is to operate the business operation in such a way that satisfies the shareholders interest (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The maximization of the profit should coincide with satisfaction of the shareholders. The clothing retailers who buy goods from the Indian factory incorporate a narrow view of Corporate Social Responsibility. They buy cloths in exchange of money. The retailers only show their profits and maximize their profit in any way. They never consider the social responsibilities and well-being of the workers of the Indian factory. They consider themselves as the economic organization and engage in business to create maximum amount of profit, which would be distributed among the shareholders of the business. Argument that justifies the Narrow View One of the arguments that are used to justify taking the narrow view of the corporate social responsibility is the invisible hand argument. In this argument, Adam Smith has discussed that in the free market, business organization should promote their profit-based self-interest where economy leads a major role (Hack, Kenyon Wood, 2014). According to him, in acting like this, the business organization is guided by an invisible-hand (Schwartz Saiia, 2012). The corporations are made to fulfill the business of their own and that is the greatest responsibility of them. However, forcing the corporation about fulfilling their CSR duty will reduce their capability to produce the material requirement of the society and in an evitable result; they will fail to fulfill our well-being, as their essential responsibility is to satisfy the material needs of the society. The corporations have their economic goals and fulfilling that goal will help them to satisfy their social duty. They do not need to satisfy their moral goal. By fulfilling the economic goal the organization, promote the general good and well-being of the society in anyway. Thus, the organizations are performing the social responsibility. Argument that justifies the Broad View Argument that justifies the broad view of the CSR is that with great power it is expected from an organization to perform grate responsibilities towards society. Organizations in the todays world are large and powerful, influential entities. They have huge economic power. With the power, the organizations are bound to behave ethically as responsibilities should come with huge power (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The ethical behavior includes making social well-being and doing welfare for the society. The broad view of the CSR encompasses the social responsibility of the corporate organization. The narrow view of the CSR could be applied in the documentary Blood Sweat T-shirt in a way that the shareholders or managers of the Indian garment factories are more concerned about making their own profit. However, the invisible hand theory could best be applied in the free market economy and in this case; India is a mixed market economy. The business organizations of the garment industry of India are more interested to fulfill their own profit-based business interest where economy leads a major role. As the actions and roles of the private garment industry owners of India are only concerned to make their own profit by minimizing the wages of the workers and providing poor working environment, thus the theory of the Adam Smith could be applied in these factors of the documentary. In this case, the invisible hand is related to create a garment business chain in Indian free market economy where the business holders are export their goods internationally and in this way the invisible hand help them to make their own profit. These organizations of India are doing well-being in the society by fulfilling their own economic goals according to the theory of Adam Smith. The broad view of the CSR could be applied in the documentary Blood Sweat and T-shirt in a way that individual is acting like an economic organization and contributing towards the well-being of the society. In the documentary, no national or international corporate organizations take the initiatives to help the poor child labor of Indian factory. The employment of the child labor is seen in Dharivi, which is the largest slum of Asia and many workers including some children work in the garment factories located in Dharivi. Amrita and Stacy in this documentary have acted like an organization and started to collect money to help in the education and well-being of the poor children in India who worked as the labors in the garment industry. The broad view of the CSR discussed in this paper encompasses the responsibilities of the business organizations towards the well-being of the society. In the documentary, Stacy and Amrita who live in the developed country sell some products and make m oney to help the children of India, which takes the broad view of the CSR. Ethics of Care The Ethics of Care is part of the normative ethical theory, which states that interpersonal relationships and benevolence is the centre of moral action. Some of the beliefs in this theory are interpersonal dependence of the human being in society (Crane Matten, 2016). The broad view of the CSR discussed in this paper could be related to the ethics of care as the broad view encompasses the interpersonal relationship between Amrita and Stacy with the poor children in India who would work as child labor in the garment factories in India. In the documentary, all the six members have felt about the poor labor condition of the garment industry. Among them, especially Amrita and Stacy have tried to organize some money that could be helpful for the education of the Indian child labor. The interpersonal relationship and the moral action of benevolence in the members of the foreign group and their contribution towards the Indian society in the documentary correlate the ethics of care and the broad view of the CSR. Professional Moral Obligations The business professional should have some responsibilities and duties towards the society and well-being of the Individual according to the broad view of the CSR (Hack, Kenyon Wood, 2014). These responsibilities are their professional moral obligation. The moral obligations of the professionals could make a difference to the lives of the Indian workers. If the business professionals employ money towards the development of the basic life style or in the education of the workers that would be helpful for them to grow and lead a comfortable life. The working condition and the wages of the Indian workers are very bad. The business professionals who are the part of the society and could behave like the economic organization should be obliged to fulfill some of the moral responsibilities towards the well-being of the society. the Indian workers are also the part of the society and they do not have money for leading their basic life style. The business professionals in this scenario could provide their help towards the welfare of the workers. As a professional business person I could influence the changes of the Indian workers and I would feel that it is my responsibility to help others. References Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility.Organizational dynamics,44(2), 87-96. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Crane, A., Matten, D., Spence, L. J. (2013). Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Hack, L., Kenyon, A. J., Wood, E. H. (2014). A Critical Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Timeline: how should it be understood now.International Journal of Management Cases,16(4), 46-55. Schwartz, M. S., Saiia, D. (2012). Should firms go beyond profits? Milton Friedman versus broad CSR.Business and Society Review,117(1), 1-31. Shibboleth Authentication Request. (2017).Edutv-informit-com-au.ezproxy.csu.edu.au. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://edutv-informit-com-au.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/watch-screen.php?videoID=30312

Monsoon in Pakistan free essay sample

Monsoon originates from Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea and then it travels to Indian Subcontinent. 7. Monsoon Path. Due to pressure difference over land and ocean winds start to blow from Southern Oceans to northern land. Under the influence of pressure gradient force and geostraphic force ultimately taking a South West direction. The phenomenon of monsoon is similar to that of sea breeze but it occurs on a very large scale. These South West moisture laden winds due to the southward protruding kink of India are then divided into two currents:- a. The Arabian Sea Current. These winds enter India from south west of India.The first area where monsoon strikes India is Kerala district (Western Ghats) and goes till central India conceding intense rains. b. The Bay of Bengal Current. These winds go to bay of Bangal and from there it enters Bangladesh and India. After blowing to North, it is stopped by the great Hamalayas from blowing it further north. We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Here these winds and the Arabian Sea winds join and blow to west resulting in monsoon in Pakistan. 8. Trigger Actions. Monsoon winds by them selves are not capable to give any precipitation. They need to be lifted up by some trigger actions to form clouds.Once lifted, they produce huge heap type clouds (Cumulus and cumulonimbus) with lots of moisture in them. Trigger actions are: a. Orographic Uplift. The marked influence of orography on monsoon precipitation pattern may be observed on Western Ghats, where a mountain range of 6000 ft – 7000 ft uplifts the moisture laden Arabian Sea current to sufficient height, required for condensation, and give plenty of rain fall on the wind ward side of Western Ghats. Now some portion of same current also reach the Thar Desert and Karachi but they get very rare rains because there is no Orographic uplifting there.The North and North Eastern parts of Pakistan Punjab (up to Rawalpindi / Islamabad) also get monsoon precipitation due to orography of the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges. b. Convection. As these moisture laden winds blow over the hot surface they become warm themselves, so as a result they start to rise up to form individual heap clouds. It is a common observation in summers that cumulus clouds are formed in the noon which grow with surface heating and ultimately turn in to CBs to give thunder storms in the afternoon. These clouds gradually dissipate in the evening due to fall of temperature. . Wind Convergence. Some times local convergence of winds takes place, which up lifts the air sufficiently to form Convective clouds (Cumulus and Cumulonimbus). This local convergence, not being associated with any pressure system, may occur at any time during the day or night and give precipitation. It is very difficult to forecast this phenomenon. 9. Factors Controlling Movement of Monsoon a. Low Over Tibet Plateau. The Tibet plateau is a 200 KM long, 1000 Km wide block of high ground over which a low forms in summers. This plays a major role in the rapid arrival of monsoon in June.In a simplified way it can be said that Tibetan low is responsible for sucking in the monsoon to deeper (Northern) parts of subcontinent. b. Himalayas. Had it not been for East / West belt of Himalayas and Hindukush ranges the monsoon would have never reached Pakistan. These ranges play two roles, not only they deflect the currents towards Pakistan but also provide Orographic up lift due to which Pakistan’s northern parts get monsoon precipitation. c. Sub Tropical Jet Stream. This is a westerly jet stream between 28 33 degree North latitudes, found at approximately 30,000 feet. Although in April/ May monsoon winds are established but their northward surge is hindered by this jet stream, however in early June this jet stream moves northward to 40 degree North latitude so only then winds travel to northern parts of subcontinent. 10. Time Span of Monsoon. The monsoon season is divided into three periods:- a. Pre monsoon Period. This is an interim period from April till June. A low or a secondary low develops over Balochistan. Due to surface heating temperatures all over the country rise and pressures fall. The atmosphere becomes unstable and thunderstorms occur frequently.The activity is more frequent in the Northern and Western parts of the country with dust storm in the Southern parts. Temperature increases to 21 to 37 degree Celsius in the North and 45 to 50 degree Celsius in the plains. (1)Monthly Climatic Conditions (a)April. Rain/ thunderstorms are frequent, particularly in the northern parts of the country. Few dust storms also occur in this month. (b)May. Temperatures increase all over the country. Dust storms are quite frequent, thunderstorm and rains also occur. Visibility associated with dust storm reduces considerably.There are number of occasions when the visibility is less than 500 meters. On some occasions visibility is reduced to less than 100 Meters. (c)June. It is the period of maximum instability. Frequency of dust storms is more. Poor visibility, associated with dust in suspension (DIS) prevails over the plains of Sind, Punjab and Balochistan. Maximum temperatures are seen in this month. b. Mosoon Period. This is a period from July to September. The activity of hail and thunderstorm is more over the hills in the northern and western areas whereas the dust storms are more pronounced over the plains of Punjab, Sind and Balochistan.The average rainfall during this period in the northern parts ranges between 25 to 75 millimeter and in the southern parts 05 to 25 millimeters. (1)Monthly Climatic Conditions (a)July. Sialkot is the first district to receive monsoon and is followed by Gujranwala, Lahore and Rawalpindi divisions. Severe thundery activity, accompanied by rain, is a normal feature. The visibility remains 6 to 10 km, except during rain, when it may fall to less than 2 km. (b)August. This is the month of intense rainfall, particularly, in the upper parts of Punjab. Water level rises in the rivers and frequently floods occur.Visibility remains 5 to 7 km. (c)September. Monsoon starts to withdraw during this month. Frequency of rainfall decreases. Visibility remains 5 to 7 km. c. Post Monsoon Period. Post monsoon period is the driest of all the seasons. By this time monsoon has withdrawn completely. While the westerly waves are moving further north of Pakistan mostly along the central Asian States. Prolonged dry spell with some isolated rains over the northern areas is the common characteristic of this period. (1)Monthly Climatic Conditions (a)October. This month generally marks the end of the monsoon in Pakistan. Fair weather generally prevails.There are a few occasions of thunderstorm in the northern parts of the country. Visibility is often poor in the morning due to smoke haze/ dust. (b)November. Weather is generally good though the occasions of poor visibility due to dust or smoke haze are more than October. 11. Flying Hazards. Effects of monsoon on flying are:- a. Beware of sudden local development which can take place any where and at any time. Must check weather forecast before commencement of flying. b. Turbulence tends to increase and if severe, may make control of the aircraft difficult. Altimeter may give erroneous readings and gyro-operated flying instruments may topple. . Lightning may make small holes in the aircraft and cause false magnetic compass readings. Do not fly in 20 nautical miles radius of thunderstorm. d. Heavy hail may cause structural damage. Do not fly when rain or hail is forecasted. Do not park aircrafts in open. e. Ice formation in cumulonimbus clouds may be severe though usually short-lived and normal icing condition such as airframe and engine icing may occur. Cumulonimbus clouds must be avoided. f. Severe turbulence below/ within clouds and in the vicinity of cumulonimbus clouds. g. Sharp pressure change may occur. Must check and apply QNH before landing. h.Overcast conditions with low and medium clouds. Must get weather forecast specially the cloud base and radar picture for precipitation. i. Mixture setting gets disturbed, and if not adjusted can lead to engine quital. 12. Conclusion. After having studied the phenomenon of Monsoon in Pakistan, you all must be clear about its development, travel and weather conditions during monsoon. Its not only in Rahwali but after you all graduate from this place wherever you go must keep in mind hazards associated with monsoon. Never take chance with weather in flying as it might prove to be dangerous/ hazardous. Fly safe and best of luck.

Escape From A Dollhouse essays

Escape From A Dollhouse essays We have all felt the need to be alone or to venture to places that our minds have only imagined. However, we as individuals have always found ourselves clutching to our responsibilities and obligations, to either our jobs or our friends and family. The lingering feeling of leaving something behind or of promises that have been unfulfilled is a pain that keeps us from escaping. People worldwide have yearned for a need to leave a situation or seek spiritual fulfillment elsewhere. The need for ones freedom and their responsibility to others can make or break a person. Henrik Isbens inspirational characters of Nora Helmer, Kristine Linde, and Nils Krogstad have all had to suffer for their right to be individuals and to be accountable for their actions. A woman of the tough Victorian period, Nora Helmer was both a prisoner of her time as well as a pioneer. In her society women were viewed as an inferior species and were not even considered real human beings in the eyes of the law. Nora and other women soon discovered that it was a mans world and they were just not allowed to participate in it. Women of that era though, were allowed to stay at home and adhere to their tired, overworked spouses needs, not to mention their constant obligation to their children. Women in those days were only allowed to work solely at home or to have minor jobs such as maids or dressmakers. Nora was a free spirit just waiting to be freed; her husband Torvald would constantly disallow the slightest pleasures that she aspired to have, such as macaroons. Nora lived a life of lies in order to hold her marriage together. She kept herself pleased with little things such as telling Dr. Rank and Mrs. Linde; I have such a huge desire to say-to hell and be damned! (Isben 59) Just so she could release some tension that was probably building inside her due to all the restrictions that Torvald had set up, such as forbiddi...

A Profile of King Edward III of England

A Profile of King Edward III of England Edward III, King of England and Lord of Ireland, ruled from 1327 until his death in 1377. Crowned at age fourteen, he assumed his personal rule three years later and earned early fame for his defeat of the Scots at Halidon Hill in 1333. Edward claimed the crown of France in 1337 effectively starting the Hundred Years War. During the conflicts early campaigns, he led English forces to victory at Sluys and Crà ©cy, while his son, Edward the Black Prince, earned a triumph at Poitiers. These successes allowed Edward to conclude the favorable Treaty of Brà ©tigny in 1360. His reign was also marked by the arrival of the Black Death (bubonic plague) in England and the evolution of Parliament. Early Life Edward III was born at Windsor on November 13, 1312 and was the grandson of the great warrior Edward I. The son of ineffective Edward II and his wife Isabella, the young prince was quickly made Earl of Chester to aid in shoring up his fathers weak position on the throne. On January 20, 1327, Edward II was deposed by Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer and replaced by the fourteen-year old Edward III on February 1. Installing themselves as regents for the young king, Isabella and Mortimer effectively controlled England. During this time, Edward was routinely disrespected and treated poorly by Mortimer. Ascending to the Throne A year later, on January 24, 1328, Edward married Philippa of Hainault at York Minister. A close couple, she bore him fourteen children during their forty-one year marriage. The first of these, Edward the Black Prince was born on June 15, 1330. As Edward matured, Mortimer worked to abuse his post through the acquisition of titles and estates. Determined to assert his power, Edward had Mortimer and his mother seized at Nottingham Castle on October 19, 1330. Condemning Mortimer to death for assuming royal authority, he exiled his mother to Castle Rising in Norfolk. Looking North In 1333, Edward elected to renew the military conflict with Scotland and repudiated the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton which had been concluded during his regency. Backing the claim of the claim of Edward Balliol to the Scottish throne, Edward advanced north with an army and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Halidon Hill on July 19. Asserting control over the southern counties of Scotland, Edward departed and left the conflict in the hands of his nobles. Over the next few years, their control slowly eroded as the forces of young Scottish King David II reclaimed the lost territory. Fast Facts: Edward III Nation: EnglandBorn: November 13, 1312 at Windsor CastleCoronation: February 1, 1327Died: June 21, 1377 at Sheen Palace, RichmondPredecessor: Edward II Successor: Richard IISpouse: Philippa of HainaultIssue: Edward the Black Prince, Isabella, Joan, Lionel, John of Gaunt, Edmund, Mary, Margaret, ThomasConflicts: Hundred Years WarKnown For: Battle of Halidon Hill, Battle of Sluys, Battle of Crà ©cy The Hundred Years War While war festered in the north, Edward was increasingly angered by the actions of France who supported the Scots and had been raiding the English coast. While the people of England began to fear a French invasion, the King of France, Philip VI, captured some of Edwards French lands including the duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu. Rather than pay homage to Philip, Edward elected to assert his claim to the French crown as the only living male descendent of his deceased maternal grandfather, Philip IV. Invoking Salic law which banned succession along female lines, the French flatly rejected Edwards claim. Going to war with France in 1337, Edward initially limited his efforts to alliance building with various European princes and encouraging them to attack France. Key among these relationships was a friendship with the Holy Roman Emperor, Louis IV. While these efforts produced few results on the battlefield, Edward did win a critical naval victory at the Battle of Sluys on June 24, 1340. The triumph effectively gave England command of the Channel for much of the ensuing conflict. While Edward endeavored with his military operations, severe fiscal pressure began to mount on the government. Returning home in late 1340, he found the affairs of the realm in disarray and began a purge of the governments administrators. At Parliament the next year, Edward was compelled to accept financial limitations on his actions. Recognizing the need to placate Parliament, he agreed to their terms, however quickly began to override them later that year. After a few years of inconclusive fighting, Edward embarked for Normandy in 1346 with a large invasion force. Sacking Caen, they moved across northern France and inflicted a decisive defeat on Philip at the Battle of Crà ©cy. Edward III counting the dead at Crecy. Public Domain In the fighting, the superiority of the English longbow was demonstrated as Edwards archers cut down the flower of the French nobility. At the battle, Philip lost around 13,000-14,000 men, while Edward suffered only 100-300. Among those who proved themselves at Crà ©cy was the Black Prince who became one of his fathers most trusted field commanders. Moving north, Edwards successfully concluded the siege of Calais in August 1347. Recognized as a powerful leader, Edward was approached that November to run for Holy Roman Emperor following the death of Louis. Though he considered the request, he ultimately declined. The Black Death In 1348, the Black Death (bubonic plague) struck England killing nearly a third of the nations population. Halting military campaigning, the plague led to manpower shortages and dramatic inflation in labor costs. In an attempt to halt this, Edward and Parliament passed the Ordinance of Labourers (1349) and the Statute of Labourers (1351) to fix wages at pre-plague levels and restrict the movement of the peasantry. As England emerged from the plague, fighting resumed. On September 19, 1356, the Black Prince won a dramatic victory at the Battle Poitiers and captured King John II of France. King Edward III grants Aquitaine to his son Edward, the Black Prince. Public Domain Peace With France effectively operating without a central government, Edward sought to end the conflict with campaigns in 1359. These proved ineffective and the following year, Edward concluded the Treaty of Bretigny. By the terms of the treaty, Edward renounced his claim on the French throne in exchange for full sovereignty over his captured lands in France. Preferring the action of military campaigning to doldrums of daily governance, Edwards final years on the throne were marked by a lack of vigor as he passed much of the routine of government to his ministers. While England remained at peace with France, the seeds for renewing the conflict were sown when John II died in captivity in 1364. Ascending the throne, the new king, Charles V, worked to rebuild French forces and began open warfare in 1369. At age fifty-seven, Edward elected to dispatch one of his younger sons, John of Gaunt, to deal with the threat. In the ensuing fighting, Johns efforts proved largely ineffective. Concluding the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, English possessions in France were reduced to Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. Later Reign This period was also marked by the death of Queen Philippa who succumbed to a dropsy-like illness at Windsor Castle on August 15, 1369. In the final months of her life, Edward began a controversial affair with Alice Perrers. Military defeats on the Continent and the financial costs of campaigning came to a head in 1376 when Parliament was convened to approve additional taxation. With both Edward and the Black Prince battling illness, John of Gaunt was effectively overseeing the government. Dubbed the Good Parliament, the House of Commons used the opportunity to express a long list of grievances which led to the removal of several of Edwards advisors. In addition, Alice Perrers was banished from court as it was believed she wielded too much influence over the aged king. The royal situation was further weakened in June when the Black Prince died. While Gaunt was compelled to give into Parliaments demands, his fathers condition worsened. In September 1376, he developed a large abscess. Though he briefly improved during the winter of 1377, Edward III finally died of a stroke on June 21, 1377. As the Black Prince had died, the throne passed to Edwards grandson, Richard II, who was only ten. Renowned as one of Englands great warrior kings, Edward III was buried at Westminster Abbey. Beloved by his people, Edward is also credited for founding the knightly Order of the Garter in 1348. A contemporary of Edwards, Jean Froissart, wrote that His like had not been seen since the days of King Arthur.

Feminism and the women in black movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Feminism and the women in black movement - Essay Example To fortify cohesion among women who have been alienated by guns and borders is a strong political aim and they intensely declare, "We are the group of women who stand in silence and black every week to express our disapproval against war. We have decided to see what is the women's side of this war. Women wear black in our countries to show the grief for death of the loved ones. We wear black for the death of all the victims of war. We wear black because the people have been thrown out of their homes, because women have been raped, because cities and villages have been burned and destroyed" (Women In Black, 1992, p. 50). Brief History & Description In contrast to most feminist groups, WIB clusters do not have decision-making bodies, elected officers or branches. One year after the start of the Palestinian Intifada, WIB was instigated by Israeli women going up against the Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1988. Expanding rapidly during the Gulf War and Yugoslav wars in the 1990s, there are probably 300 WIB clusters in possibly 30 countries all over the world. A salient feature of these groups is the practice of holding vigils which entail the women to wear black and stand at regular times and intervals in public places (Cockburn, 2005). Though WIB was in the beginning committed to obtaining peace in the Middle East, other groups almost immediately remonstrated against tyranny in the Balkans and India. For these activists, their status as women provided them extraordinary power and influence when it comes to insisting for peace. At present, the Women in Black in Israel persist on their peaceful and diplomatic resistance to the occupation in partnership with the Coalition of Women for a Just Peace. These groups have been protesting against the shutting down of several Palestinian cities, contending that the barricades preclude students from attending school and pregnant women from getting into healthcare centers and or having access to healthcare services. The group likewise calls for the full participation of women in peace negotiations (Foreign Policy, 2001, p.43). During their very first public statement in Belgrade, the activists characterized themselves as an anti-nationalist, anti-militarist, feminist, pacifist group who opposes the diminution of women to the role of just mothers. "The work of women in peace groups is presupposed, it is invisible, trying, women's work; it's a part of 'our' role; to care for others, to comfort, aid, tend wounds, and feed. The painful realization that the peace movement would to some extent also follow a patriarchal model caused a serious dilemma for feminist-pacifists. We wanted our presence to be VISIBLE, not to be seen as something 'natural,' as part of a woman's role. We wanted it to be clearly understood that what we were doing was our political choice, a radical criticism of the patriarchal, militarist regime and a non-violent act of resistance to policies that destroy cities, kill people, and annihilate human relations" (Women In Black 1993, 23a). In 1997, the WIB backed up and participated in the grassroots democracy movement in Serbia. The scenario looked more hopeful for the very first time in several years. However, Slobodan Miloevic was not about to be outmaneuvered of power by democracy. He rejected to acknowledge the outcomes of the election and later on seized power again. When

Just answer a question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Just answer a question - Essay Example Secondly, secondary pollutants that from the combination of several gases in the atmosphere to form compounds. To test this hypothesis, researchers need to delve into the history and collect information with industrialization as the focus. Undeniably, industrialization has contributed to air pollution through various ways. This research is not observatory in nature but involves the researcher’s opinion supported by other researchers who have participated in the same research before. For instance, compared to the past decade, statistics reveal a rise in growth in industrialization (â€Å"World resources Institute,† n.d). Therefore, a researcher has to check all developments that go with increased industrialization. There is increased use of energy to process and increased use of automobiles to carry processed products. This means that researchers have to evaluate the type of energy used by industries and their effects on air. Additionally, the researcher will evaluate the effects automobiles have in the atmosphere. For example, automobile in America life and society offers infor mation on the effects automobiles have to the environment in the history of America. Finally, the researcher will make a conclusion based on the management of industrial emissions to support

Battle of Issus Essay Example for Free

Battle of Issus Essay The Battle of Issus Sometime around 310 BCE an artist by the name of Philoxenus of Eretria created a mosaic (creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored material) of the Battle of Issus that has long been considered one of the greatest artworks of antiquity. Found at the House of the Faun in Pompeii in 1831 the mosaic is composed of about one and a half million tiny individual colored tiles called tesserae. The artwork illustrates the battle in which invading troops led by Alexander of Macedonia defeated the army led by King Darius III of Persia. When looking at the piece the viewer cannot help but be impressed by the psychological intensity of the drama taking place. On the Persian side of the piece the viewer’s eye is immediately drawn to the prominent figure of Darius shown in his chariot. A look of pure desperation, and perhaps even fear, is etched in Darius’ face as victory slips through his hands. As his steely eyed charioteer turns to rein his horses for a fast retreat to safety Darius stretches out his hand toward Alexander either in disbelief that Alexander has beaten him, or perhaps in grief over the death of one of his â€Å"immortals†. Around him are his Persian soldiers who mill in confusion in the background, their faces filled with fear and determination. On the same side, there are two other figures that are quite notable and demonstrate the artist’s technical mastery. The first is the artist’s depiction of the rearing horse right below Darius which is seen in a three-quarter rear view. The rider, his terror evident upon his face, glances back at the battle as he attempts to control his horse. This kind of depiction is very impressive and is much more accomplished then other similar attempts such as the shading in the Pella mosaic or the Vergina mural (Kleiner 142). The second, perhaps even more impressive, is the artist’s portrayal of the Persian in the foreground who has fallen onto the ground and raises a small shield in a pathetic attempt to prevent being trampled. The man’s terrified face is reflected on the polished surface of the shield moments before the chariot crushes him under its ornate wheels. On the Macedonian side of things the viewer’s eye is of course drawn to Alexander. This portrait of Alexander is one of his most famous. His breastplate depicts Medusa the Gorgon. He leads the charge into battle on his horse Bucephalus, without even a helmet to protect him, and maintains an aura of unshaken confidence in direct contrast to Darius. As Alexander surges forward in a supreme effort he drives his spear straight through one of Darius’s trusted â€Å"immortals† who puts himself between him and the King of Persia. As the impaled Persian collapses to the ground, Alexander fixes his gaze upon Darius in utter hatred. Although the deteriorated condition of the mosaic makes it difficult to distinguish much on the Macedonian side a cavalryman wearing a Boeotian helmet with a golden wreath can been seen behind Alexander. Looking at the mosaic as a whole there are a few important details that grab ones attention. First is the fact that the landscape is very minimal, only one gnarled tree trunk appearing in the background and a few discarded weapons and rocks in the foreground. Secondly, everywhere in the scene men, animals, and weapons cast shadows on the ground. This unusual attention to detail is what enhances the intensity of the piece and gives it an aspect of realism that truly shows the horror and confusion of battle. The viewer cannot help but be drawn into the conflict and become a part of the drama as it unfolds. To me this mosaic is not only a truly great piece of art but also has furthered my understanding of Roman artwork, Macedonian warfare and the emotion in Hellenistic-styled mosaics. It is easy to understand how Roman author and natural philosopher Pliny the Elder concluded that Philoxenus’ depiction of the Battle of Issus was â€Å"inferior to none† (Kleiner 142).

Woodchucks Poem Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Eliminating the Pest† In the poem â€Å"Woodchucks† by Maxine Kumin, the speaker is in her garden and is annoyed with some woodchucks that are eating and destroying the produce in the garden. The speaker in turn tries to remove the woodchucks by using humane gas to kill them and when that is unsuccessful, she resorts to more violent means. This poem uses the annoying woodchucks to signify the Jewish people during the Holocaust by the Nazi Party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first stanza of the poem, the speaker clearly identifies that some woodchucks are annoying her. To solve this problem, the speaker uses gas as a way to eliminate the pests quickly and painlessly much like the Nazis tried to eradicate the Jews from their presence. Gassing the woodchucks is an easy way to remove the pests because using gas does not involve looking at the victims as they are put to death. This is also why the Nazis used the gassing methods to kill the Jews. After time this method was not as widely used due to the resilience of the woodchucks and Jews. Thus, this led the killers to use more ruthless techniques.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second stanza and third stanza tell how the woodchucks continue to destroy the garden because the cyanide gas was not successful. The speaker tells about the woodchucks taking over the vegetable patch and beheading the carrots. This drives the speaker crazy, therefore taking the violence to another level. The speaker pulls out a gun and puts the ...

Being Organized

ing Natacha Petit-frere Professor Donigan December 1, 2011 Being Organized Many of us are incompatible of being organized. Organization is a skill that must be learned and practice by an individual. It’s a rare person among us who doesn’t feel the need to get more organized. I consider myself fairly organized I show my organization skills by coordinating my clothes by style, color coding sections for my college courses, having a sheet of paper, a calendar and a white board.A lot of us always just throw our clothes in the closet and its always out of order. Especially when pants, shirts and dresses are anywhere. On the other hand, we don’t know exactly where they can be found. This can be terrible when we know what we want to put on but can’t find it. In my closet I have my clothing in coordinating order. I put jackets in the front and pants in the back. The type of color style I use is darks in front and lights in back. Having this type of organization in my closet is very helpful.I’m a visual person, and I find that color-coding sections for my college courses minimizes the time I have to spend looking for them. This works especially well while I’m in class. I dumped every class syllabus into a green folder called class syllabus, and then color-coded every class period blue for paper due, yellow for quiz, red for test, etc. It took awhile to set up, sure, but for the rest of the semester I only had to glance at class syllabus to get a very clear idea of what kind of week I was going to have.Thinking if I didn’t have this type of organization for school I would be kind of stress out. When I’m not in school I’ll be using color-coding for work assignments also. I’ve found that the easiest way to organize days, myself and so forth is a good paper calendar, a sheet of paper that I divide into four sections and a medium sized white board. For my paper the top left section is my actual running to d o list for today. The top right section is my running grocery list, or list of things I must purchase.The bottom left is for notes such as calls I made, individuals I spoke to, and appointment dates. The bottom right is whatever I need to move to another day. If I’m told to call back on Monday, then I note that on the calendar. As for the white board, my family can make notes. Can I borrow some money on Friday? , Grandma called, and I also jot down things that I feel are important to them. My calendar, and the white board are in the same location, so I can transfer short notes if need be.I carry my paper task list with me everywhere, so I can make notes at any given moment. Finally, Whatever electronics or paper you use, make them work for you not the other way around. Does coordinating our clothes really have to stay in color coding order or using a sheet of paper every 5 minutes? Maybe, but I bet you’ll get a whole lot more done if you check it a few times per day. T hat goes for the Blackberry too! After all, there are so many tools, and one to fit everyone and that’s why I’m happy with the organizational system I use.

Utilizing Rubble From Demolition Of Buildings Construction Essay

The devastation of 1000s of edifices during World War II gave the people inquiries about what to make with the debris. It wasn t until the 70 s that the potency of rubble to be recycled was explored. Today, concrete is the most widely used edifice stuff in the universe. We use it for our houses, roads, edifices, Bridgess, and most of our constructions around the universe. Concrete after it s used, is sent straight to be disposed of in our landfills. With a batch of attending traveling into the health of our environment, we recycle points such as paper and plastics, to cut down our impact on the environment. We believe that by recycling concrete, non merely will our impact on the environment be reduced, but its economical advantages are adequate ground to recycle concrete. The intent of this paper is to educate ourselves and the reader about what we can make to cut down our impact on the environment by using rubble from destruction of edifices. Environmental Impact hypertext transfer protocol: //www.torontoenvironment.org/gravel/impacts To pull out virgin sums, we have to delve open-pit mines. The sums are so blasted out or delve out. The most common effects are dust, pollution, noise, deposit. The physical alteration to the environing land causes the most impact. All the flora must be removed doing a loss of wildlife and biodiversity. Improper technology leads to improper drainage which causes eroding. In some instances, H2O used to rinse the sums seep into the land and contaminate land H2O. After a prey is used, it is rehabilitated to be restored to its former status. A survey was done in Ontario and less than half of the land disturbed for aggregative production between 1992 and 2001 has really been rehabilitated. By utilizing recycled sums, we can cut down the demand to mine sums. We can utilize the energy that would otherwise be used for excavation, transporting, and processing, to recycle used concrete from dismantled constructions. Recycling concrete is a great alternate to disposing concrete. The usage of recycled concrete reduces the waste that would otherwise be dumped into landfills. The sum of solid wastes at a municipal landfill is comprised of 23 – 33 % of waste from destruction of edifices. Landfills don t acquire smaller. They will increase in size and cut down land that could be used for residential and commercial utilizations. Economicss of Recycled Concrete Concrete is the most widely used edifice stuff in the universe. Because we are extremely dependent on Concrete is cheaper to recycle than sent to landfills but there are restrictions on economic nest eggs. Location is a large factor when looking at the costs of recycling concrete. Typically, remote countries have really small to no entree to recycling sites raising transit costs. During our research, we found that there is a bound where the cost of haling to a recycling works exceeds the cost of dumping in a local landfill. Here in Lethbridge for illustration, it costs $ 22.25 per metric ton to dispose concrete debris in landfills. The nearest recycling works is in Calgary and would be 100s of dollars to transport the debris. Mobile concrete crushers can be used to recycle but they should merely be used on big undertakings. Portable crushers are non widely available in all parts of the state. In some instances, rental and labour costs would transcend dumping costs. Average trucking cost is $ 0.13/ton/km. Processing costs for the recycler costs between $ 2.76 and $ 6.61 per metric ton. The larger the works, the more efficient and more end product it produces. RCA merchandises sell for between $ 1 and $ 18 per cubic metre, with the higher terminal being in aggregate-poor countries. Natural aggregates usually sell for about $ 8. A large advantage of recycling is that you can bear down disposal fees to companies that want to dispose their concrete debris. The works can order the cost of this fee and compensate for the lower recycled sum monetary values. On the other manus, the cost of recycled concrete depends on market monetary values of virgin sums. Natural sums dominate the markets therefore they dictate the monetary values of RCA. Get downing a concrete recycling concern will necessitate an investing of $ 4.40 to $ 8.80 per metric ton of one-year capacity. USGS ( U.S. Geological Survey ) has done a thorough analysis on the costs of different sizes of recycling workss: Based on their research, a large factor that affects the feasibleness of get downing a recycling works depends on the sum of rubble that can be recycled. When a works is non runing near full capacity, the profitableness of the works reduces. It was found that little recycling workss will hold a tougher clip doing net incomes. Small workss are to a great extent affected by the altering market conditions. But they can increase tipping fees or increase merchandise monetary value to counterbalance for the little net incomes. But in most instances, merchandise pricing is out of control of the manufacturer. On the other manus, medium and big recycling workss are more profitable. Larger operations have lower operating costs ( table 4 ) and do non necessitate a tipping fee to hold a rate of return of 12 % . Uses About all edifices today are partially made of concrete. A large portion of recycling is what the stuff can be used for. There would be no point of recycling if there was no usage for the terminal merchandise. The most common manner of utilizing sum is utilizing it as a bed under roads called a bomber base. The crushed concrete provides extra strength to the foundation of the roadway. RCA can besides be used as pipe bedclothes for belowground public-service corporations such as sewerage and storm pipes. The RCA provides a stable foundation to put the pipes on. A job with utilizing RCA for structural class concrete is that the denseness of the aggregative depends on the denseness of the original concrete. In some instances, the denseness of howitzer reduces the strength of the sum. Typically, a mix of natural sums and recycled sums are used when RCA is used in structural class concrete. It was found that up to 20 % of RCA can be used before the compressive strength of the concrete is reduced. Before it is used in structural class concrete, it should be tested and it should run into certain specifications set by ASTM. Concrete made from RCA is typically used for low-rise edifices but its usage in big edifices is really limited. Recycled concrete is being used for kerb, acmes, pavements, and troughs. The decreased specifications allow the RCA-concrete to be used in constructions that don t require defying heavy tonss. Recycled concrete doesn t needfully hold to be used as an sum. Rubble can and has been reused for other intents in its natural province. Recycled concrete is comparatively inexpensive and abundant which makes it perfect for landscaping. Slabs of concrete can be shaped and used as pavers, while larger pieces can be stacked and laid with howitzer to be used as a retaining wall. Large pieces can besides be used as riprap. The riprap acts as a barrier and absorbs impact from moving ridges to cut down eroding along shorelines. It can protect constructions from harm where H2O eroding is a job. Noise barriers can be built in residential countries along main roads. The noise barrier can be built with RCA or it can be built similar to retaining walls to do it aesthetic. Reasons to Recycle Natural sums are unlimited. So why should we recycle? States like here in Canada have tremendous sums of natural resources. We will ne'er utilize all our resources but the distribution of resources around the universe is different. States like Japan have really limited sums of land. They rely to a great extent on importing natural stuffs. Location is a large factor. Preies can non be built anyplace. They have to be carefully planned and approved by the authorities before they can be built. Remote countries frequently have really small to no entree to raw stuffs so it s more executable to utilize what s already available. With increasing attending towards planetary heating authoritiess are puting ordinances to cut down CO2 emanations. Companies are under a batch of force per unit area to cut down those emanations. Recycling concrete allows us to avoid transit of stuffs which leads to less ingestion of fossil fuels. Recycled concrete has a C footmark 65 % less than tantamount merchandises from quarried rock. ( RMIT Life Cycle Analysis ) . If your company aims to cut down its environmental impact, recycling concrete is a great option. Companies are afraid that utilizing recycled sums will cut down the qualities of their merchandises. Recycling concrete is a reasonably new engineering so companies are disbelieving of its hereafter. When the word recycled is mentioned, it is assumed that the quality is reduced but that is non needfully true. Several research organisations have concluded that with proper mixtures, RCA can surpass natural sums in some ways. Another ground to recycle is because of market conditions. Landfill infinite is going scarce and municipal authoritiess are increasing landfill dumping costs. Recycling allows us to extinguish the landfill cost. In instances where portable workss are used, haling costs are besides eliminated. So non merely are you potentially salvaging money, you are besides cut downing the concrete that goes to landfills. Barriers hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pwri.go.jp/eng/activity/pdf/reports/kawano01.pdf As mentioned before, recycling concrete is new to the industry. Most companies have non been exposed to the new engineering and are still loath to give it a opportunity. It is a known fact that RCA has a lower quality than virgin sums. The quality varies from site to site. You will necessitate a batch of quality control proving to guarantee that the RCA will non cut down the quality of the concrete. This discrepancy in quality does present concerns about the quality of constructions being made. Most companies merely lack the experience with recycling and recycled merchandises. When new building methods are introduced, sufficient cognition is required to accomplish a high quality terminal merchandise. Future of recycling concrete We believe that recycling concrete is the hereafter of the industry. As clip goes, more people will be exposed to this engineering. The benefits far outweigh the disadvantages. It will be widely accepted in the hereafter whether its 5 old ages from now or 20 old ages from now. The procedure When edifices are demolished, much of the left over stuffs are comprised of concrete, wood, and rebar. The procedure begins after the edifice has been demolished. The reclaimable stuffs are trucked to the recycling works or a portable crusher is brought into the site. The chief equipment used is a crusher. The debris is fed into the crusher and the fragments of concrete are crushed into little pieces. The crushed pieces are put on a conveyer belt where it leads to a magnet. The magnet picks up the reinforcing from the crushed stuffs and separates it into its ain heap. Other stuffs such as wood are by and large removed by manus. The merchandise from the magnet is so screened and separated into separate sizes. The crushed debris goes through a screen mesh where desired sizes can fall through while larger pieces can be isolated. Depending on the specifications of sum required, the larger pieces can be sent to a secondary crusher where it can be crushed farther. The crushed pieces are separated into their ain hemorrhoids harmonizing to size. They are stockpiled until they are sold. There are multiple types of crushers to see: * Jaw Crushers comprised of two jaws ; one stationary and one moving. As the concrete moves down the home bases, the concrete is crushed into smaller pieces. The spacing between the undersides of the home bases ensures that merely little pieces make it through. The merchandise ranges between 4 -8 in diameter. These types of crushers can be used as a primary or a secondary crusher. * Impact Crushers Spinning rotors with bars or cocks fling the concrete into a solid home base doing the concrete to disintegrate into smaller pieces. The terminal merchandise is a 2 sum. These types of crushers can be used as a primary or a secondary crusher. * Cone Crushers – Concrete is crushed between two cone shaped home bases. Cone crushers can manage pieces no larger than 8 which makes it suited as a secondary crusher. The location of the undertaking affects the type of recycling workss to be considered. * Stationary workss These are the same as the aggregative workss we see today. They are fixed to one topographic point. The stuff is trucked into the works. Because they are stationary, they have no restrictions on the size of the operations. * Portable Recycling Plants These are by and large put on a human body and towed to the site. It remains stationary on site until it is moved to another location. * Mobile Recycling Plant These are towed to the site like portable recycling workss but they have paths which allow them to travel around the site. The type of works used should be based on the sum of stuff to be recycled and it s location from the nearest works. Stationary workss are more efficient at recycling big sums of concrete due to larger size of operation. Portable and nomadic recycling workss should merely be considered where there is a big distance between the site and the nearest recycling works. Features of Recycled Aggregate Concrete For the mixture design the same procedure is followed as if you would utilize virgin sum. You would hold to travel through test mixtures to acquire the right proportions and to look into the concrete quality. Excess attending should be made on the higher soaking up rate of the recycled sums, which influence would act upon the batch mixture. Blending H2O and workability Because of the high soaking up of the recycled sums more mixing H2O and a higher get downing slack may be needed. Recycled sums absorb H2O even after blending, so to antagonize this, the sum should be pre-wetted in their stock hemorrhoids. Water-cement ratio When get downing it may be assumed that the compressive strength is the same for if you would utilize virgin sum as recycled concrete sum. The recycled concrete should incorporate both class sum and natural sand and the water-cement ratio should be adjusted consequently if the compressive strength is lower than idea at first. Cement content Compared to conventional concrete, in recycled aggregative concrete there should be higher cement content because of the higher fee H2O demands for the recycled sum. Excess 5 % cement would be required when harsh sum and virgin mulcts are used, and an excess 15 % if both coarse and mulct recycled sums are used. Density and air content New concrete will hold a lower denseness runing from 5 % to 15 % . The natural air content might be a small higher so conventional concrete and an air-entraining alloy is added if freeze-thaw lastingness is required. Compressive Resistance The compressive opposition of recycled aggregate-concrete will be lower than that of concrete utilizing natural sums. A survey done by ECCO ( Environmental Council of Concrete Organizations ) concludes that recycled aggregative concrete will hold a 5 % -10 % decrease of compressive opposition. Features of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Gradation When the concrete debris is crushed, the produced sums are screened harmonizing to size. They are so separated to desired step. Like natural sums, they are separated into all right sums or coarse sums. Particle Shape and Size Recycled coarse sum is similar in atom form as crushed rock or natural sums. Fine and coarse sums are more angular which gives them a higher soaking up which lowers the workability of concrete. The sum of all right atoms ( & A ; lt ; 4.75mm in diameter ) is estimated to be 5-20 % of the entire volume of the RCA. Specific Gravity and Absorption The specific gravitation of RCA is much lower compared to natural sums. This is due to the cement and howitzer that held the old concrete together before it was crushed. The SG of RCA ranges from 2.35 to 2.38. The specific gravitation additions as atom size as class atom size lessenings. Te specific gravitation greatly decreases as atom size lessenings. The porous nature of howitzer and cement allows for higher soaking up within the recycled sum. Coarse Aggregates by and large absorb 2 % -6 % of H2O of its volume while all right sums by and large absorb 4 % -8 % of their volume of H2O. Density The majority denseness of recycled concrete is by and large lower than natural sums due to the lower denseness of the howitzer. The denseness of harsh RCA is around 2430 kg/m The denseness of all right RCA is 2310 kg/m Coarse virgin sums have a denseness of 2700 kg/m. Coarse virgin sums have a denseness of 2590 kg/m. The denseness of RCA will change depending on the water/cement ratio and the type of concrete used in the original concrete mixture. Decision The ratio of denseness of the stuff to the denseness of H2O at a specified temperature is defined as the specific gravitation of a stuff. Compressive Strength of original concrete and recycled sum concrete for assorted water/cement and coarse/fine aggregate ratios

How to Prepare Aqua Regia Acid Solution

How to Prepare Aqua Regia Acid Solution Aqua regia is an extremely corrosive mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid, used as an etchant, for some analytical chemistry procedures, and to refine gold. Aqua regia dissolves gold, platinum, and palladium, but not the other noble metals. Heres what you need to know to prepare aqua regia and use it safely.​​ Fast Facts: Aqua Regia Aqua regia is a corrosive acid mixture made by combining nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.The usual ratio of acids is 3 parts hydrochloric acid to 1 part nitric acid.When mixing the acids, it is important to add the nitric acid to the hydrochloric acid and not the other way around.Aqua regia is used to dissolve gold, platinum, and palladium.The acid mixture is unstable, so it is usually prepared in small amounts and used immediately. Reaction to Make Aqua Regia Here is what happens when nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are mixed: HNO3  (aq) 3HCl (aq) → NOCl (g) 2H2O (l) Cl2  (g) Over time, nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) will decompose into chlorine gas and nitric oxide (NO). Nitric acid auto-oxidizes into nitrogen dioxide (NO2): 2NOCl (g) → 2NO (g) Cl2  (g) 2NO (g) O2  (g) → 2NO2(g) Nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and aqua regia are strong acids. Chlorine (Cl2), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are toxic. Aqua Regia Safety Aqua regia preparation involves mixing strong acids. The reaction produces heat and evolves poisonous vapors, so its important to follow safety protocols when making and using this solution: Make and use aqua regia solution inside a fume hood, with the sash down as much as is practical to contain the vapors and protect against injury in case of splashing or glassware breakage.Prepare the minimum volume needed for your application.Make sure your glassware is clean. In particular, you dont want any organic contaminants because they can produce a vigorous or violent reaction. Avoid using any glassware that may be contaminated with a chemical containing a C-H bond. Do not use the finished solution on any material containing an organic.Wear safety goggles.Wear a lab coat.Wear gloves.If you get drops of any of the strong acids on your skin, wipe them off immediately and rinse with lots of water. If you spill acid on clothing, remove it immediately. In the  case of inhalation, move immediately to fresh air. Use the eyewash and seek emergency medical attention in case of eye contact. In the  case of ingestion, rinse the mouth with water and do not induce vomiting.Neutralize any spills with sodium bicarbonate or similar compound. Remember, its best to neutralize a  strong acid with a weak base and not a strong base. Prepare Aqua Regia Solution The usual molar ratio between concentrated  hydrochloric acid and concentrated  nitric acid is HCl:HNO3 of 3:1. Keep in mind, concentrated HCl is about 35%, while concentrated HNO3 is about 65%, so the volume ratio is usually 4 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid to 1 part concentrated nitric acid. A typical total final volume for most applications is only 10 milliliters. Its unusual to mix up a large volume of aqua regia.Add the nitric acid to the hydrochloric acid. Do not add hydrochloric to nitric!  The resulting solution with be a fuming red or yellow liquid. It will smell strongly of chlorine (although your fume hood should protect you from this).Dispose of leftover aqua regia by pouring it over a large amount of ice. This mixture may be neutralized with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution or 10% sodium hydroxide. The neutralized solution may then be safely poured down the drain. The exception is used solution that contains heavy metals. A heavy metal-contaminated sol ution needs to be disposed of according to your local regulations. Once you have prepared aqua regia, it should be used when its fresh. Keep the solution in a cool location. Do not store the solution for an extended length of time because it becomes unstable. Never store stoppered aqua regia because pressure build-up could break the container. Another potent acid solution is called chemical piranha. If aqua regia isnt suitable for your needs, piranha solution may be what you need.

Tropic of Cancer - Overview and Geography

Tropic of Cancer - Overview and Geography The Tropic of Cancer is a line of latitude circling the Earth at approximately 23.5Â ° north of the equator. It is the northernmost point on Earth where the suns rays can appear directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major degree measures or circles of latitude dividing the Earth (the others are the Tropic of Capricorn, the equator, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle). The Tropic of Cancer is significant to Earths geography because, in addition to being the northernmost point where the suns rays are directly overhead, it also marks the northern boundary of tropics, which is the region that extends from the equator north to the Tropic of Cancer and south to the Tropic of Capricorn. Some of the Earths largest countries and/or cities are at or near the Tropic of Cancer. For example, the line passes through United States state of Hawaii, portions of Central America, northern Africa, and the Sahara Desert and is near Kolkata, India. It should also be noted that because of the greater amount of land in the Northern Hemisphere, the Tropic of Cancer passes through more cities than the equivalent Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. Naming of the Tropic of Cancer At the June or summer solstice (around June 21) when the Tropic of Cancer was named, the sun was pointed in the direction of the constellation Cancer, thus giving the new line of latitude the name the Tropic of Cancer. However, because this name was assigned over 2,000 years ago, the sun is no longer in the constellation Cancer. It is instead located in the constellation Taurus today. For most references though, it is easiest to understand the Tropic of Cancer with its latitudinal location of 23.5Â °N. Significance of the Tropic of Cancer In addition to being used to divide the Earth into different parts for navigation and marking the northern boundary of the tropics, the Tropic of Cancer is also significant to the Earths amount of solar insolation and the creation of seasons. Solar insolation is the amount of incoming solar radiation on the Earth. It varies over the Earths surface based on the amount of direct sunlight hitting the equator and tropics and spreads north or south from there. Solar insolation is most at the subsolar point (the point on Earth that is directly beneath the Sun and where the rays hit at 90 degrees to the surface) which migrates annually between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn because of the Earths axial tilt. When the subsolar point is at the Tropic of Cancer, it is during the June solstice and this is when the northern hemisphere receives the most solar insolation. During the June solstice, because the amount of solar insolation is greatest at the Tropic of Cancer, the areas north of the tropic in the northern hemisphere also receive the most solar energy which keeps it warmest and creates summer. In addition, this is also when the areas at latitudes higher than the Arctic Circle receive 24 hours of daylight and no darkness. By contrast, the Antarctic Circle receives 24 hours of darkness and lower latitudes have their winter season because of low solar insolation, less solar energy and lower temperatures. Click here to see a simple map showing the location of the Tropic of Cancer. Reference Wikipedia. (13 June 2010). Tropic of Cancer - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer

MIH521 - Health Program Evaluation Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MIH521 - Health Program Evaluation Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example This paper will discuss the evaluation issues that may need to be approached for the after school program According to Glasgow, Vogt, & Boles, (1999), there are five dimensions that should be used in evaluating a public health program. Those include reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Each of these dimensions looks at the functionality of an existing program. The reach of the program tells us how many people are able to use the program. This information should tell us whether the program is functioning the way it stands or whether it needs to be increased or decreased in size. We might ask the following questions: This information might be found by looking at local information from school statistics as well as a questionnaire to parents. Logs kept to track patients that have come to the program will also be helpful. Evaluation of the implementation of a program tells us whether we missed anything. Patton defines evaluation as a systematic approach and collection of information about programs characteristics, activities, and outcomes in an effort to improve effectiveness. Is the program being delivered to the public in such a way as was understood in the beginning? It also tells whether the program is effective. This can only be done by reviewing the programs design and goals and see if that is what is really happening. Lastly, like any program, there is maintenance of these programs also. Once a program is out there functioning, it is quite easy to just let it be. Maintaining it means consistently re-evaluating, changing, and putting back in place. This should be a continuous circle. There are a couple of other things that should be looked at and evaluated for new and old programs. Those are the mission and values, the market needs of the program, the clinical and service quality and the financial needs of the

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Yet, this autobiographical nature should not be considered merely as a means of Arthur Miller relating a story; rather, it has a correlation with respect to the way in which life is understood and represented within middle class America during the time period in question. Miller’s own early life was eerily similar to that of what the reader is made aware of Willy Loman’s life. For instance, Miller grew up in an upper-middle class neighborhood in New York City; the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. Miller’s own father was a successful businessman in a textile mill; which eventually employed 400 individuals. This successful lifestyle enabled the family to enjoy the luxuries of having a new car at a time when cars were still a novelty, attending private schools, and enjoying the occasional vacation. However, the good times would not last as the crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression shattered the family’s bliss. Miller’s father, out of work and out of options sold their home and moved to Gravesend, New York. It was during this time that young Arthur Miller was forced to take a bread route ever morning before school; delivering bread via his bicycle as a means to keep the family afloat. Although it is easy to say that such an experience doubtless had an effect on how Arthur Miller viewed the plight of the average man, this author would go a step further and claim that the hard times and difficult experiences that young Arthur Miller endured during the great depression and his family’s subsequent fall from wealth are autobiographically sketched in his play â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. The approach of this work is concentric upon the fact that the protagonist is ultimately faced with defeat, subsistence, and a form of tacit depression that pervades the entire piece. However, rather than allowing these emotions to be manifest, he continues to cling onto hope that some semblance of normality and/or some hope c an be rescued from this rather pitiful existence by performing the â€Å"adequate† functions of a father and husband. Not surprisingly, his definition of what it means to be a good father or husband only revolves around his ability to generate income and provide for some level of material needs that his family and wife require. Just as with Revolutionary Road, the painstaking day to day travails of the middle class lifestyle were difficult to adjust to. Whereas â€Å"Death of a Salesman† was concentric specifically upon the travails and hardships the Willie Lowman experienced, â€Å"Revolutionary Road† helps to tell a more detailed and nuanced version of the same tale; incorporating the anxt, regret, and frustration that the middle class woman of the era would suffer as well (Revolutionary Road 2008). If one adopts this autobiographical approach to â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, many of the intrinsic lessons and interplay that exists between the family membe rs and Willy Loman help to show the fleeting nature of success and the cold, cruel reality of pervasive failure that crushes the spirit of the entire family. As a means of showing this dichotomy, Willy Loman states, â€Å"Work a lifetime to pay off a house. You finally own it, and there’s nobody to live in it† (Miller 15). Rather than simply relating to the reader how difficult success is to achieve, Miller

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 9

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references. How, if at all, does - Essay Example While the intention of the common law duty of care is to protect the aggrieved parties from incurring damages resulting from negligence, the law extends to promote sanity in the relationship of the employer and the employee. Arguably, the duty of care predisposes the human resource departments of various organization tend create organization policies that respect the rights of the employee in order to avoid legal feuds. Many institutions are hesitant to provide information about form students to prospective employers due to the fear of potential legal feuds. The fact that former employer had a direct engagement with the departed employee to a given extent makes him liable to any issue which he disseminate to the prospective employer that might amount to damages. The student or employee is likely to sue or seek legal arbitration in a situation where he or she feels that the former institution violated his or her right by offering certain information that damages his or her identity. U nder the duty of care, defamation is a communication that intends to harm the reputation of the target party so as to limit the ability of the ability of the party to associate with a third party. The law protects offer punitive and compensatory damages for successful defamatory claims. The issue that is contentious in acting as a referee for the university student is the fact that such association might attract legal liability. In some situations, the institution might be willing to provide the confidential information about a former student whom in the institution’s view does not deserve consideration for employment because of his or her conduct. There is no legal provision that dictates that the institution must provide a reference to prospective employers. However, the existing legal obligation provide that universities should exercise due care when compiling a reference report of a student. The institution owes a duty of care to the student to whom such reference informa tion is provided and to the addressee who sought the reference. The employer might sue the University for Negligence if it fails to provide reference information requested about the student (Williams and Zumbansen 2011 pp134). On the other hand, the student might sue the institution if it feels that the information addressed to the addressee violated his or her right. Most institutions feel obligated to respond to request for a reference where reasonably requested for employment or academic purposes (Grace and Gravestock 2008 pp 46). Failure to provide the reference could disadvantage a student application and could be deemed to be discriminatory on grounds of race, sex, disability, or age and be subject to legal action. Some people have failed to secure job opportunity from prospective employers or have faced the sack based on the reference information addressed to the prospectus employer by their former employers. Such outcomes often attract legal suits. In case Spring vs. Guardia n Assurance Plc and Others; HL 7-Jul-1994, the complainant submitted before the court that the reference given by his former employer influenced his sacking. In the reference letter, his former employer indicted that he was a man of little or no integrity. In this case, the opinion of the court held that an employer was liable for negligence and damaging reference given on behalf of the employee. The court noted that a duty of care was owed to the former employee.

The Problems And Issues Of White Collar Crime Criminology Essay

The Problems And Issues Of White Collar Crime Criminology Essay When one ponders on the notion of white-collar and corporate crimes, usually images of massive company takeovers via blackmail and scheming lawyers, for example, spring to mind. Normally, one does not think how this form of crime can in any way relate to street crime in terms of public disturbance. However, white-collar crime can have direct and indirect consequences towards a single person, part of a society and can even span internationally. White-collar crime kept relatively low profile however, and thus it is difficult to pinpoint unhappiness it can cause as surveys focus more on the statistics of regular crime. It is certain that white-collar crime will cause direct and indirect victimization but recognition is needed in identifying its offences; for instance, corruption has a more scattered effect on the population whereas other white-collar offences can have a direct consequence on certain employees. Most offences are gradual and take time to be noticed, environmental crime for example. They lack the instant effect that a burglary or a murder can cause, particularly when it comes to the publics attention. Instead, they affect institutions or commerce where most of the on goings is kept clear from public knowledge. Where there is no direct contact to the victim with no known motive or cause, there is less interest to be generated. Some offences are vague to whom exactly they harm and to whom they benefit. Friedrichs (1996) gives an example that there may be a public advantage in cost savings that results from governmental corruption where companies sell at a lower price to competitors. Eve n counterfeit goods can be seen as beneficial as consumers have a chance to afford designer products which in turn, creates jobs in the counterfeit companys workforce. Of course, the counter argument to this is that the sub-quality goods can be harmful to the public and that employment in genuine companies is in jeopardy (Croall, 1998). And so, much of white-collar victimization is not quite what one may expect as it does not have a direct impact on an individual. Some victims of this form of crime are accused of actually inviting the harm. There are several examples of these willing victims: investors risking their money rather than placing it in say, the safety of a pension scheme. Or perhaps, consumers who willingly buy the counterfeit products that are offered in the market. Or those who willingly choose to work in environmentally unsafe areas in promise of a higher wage. If an accident does occur, it is often the careless workers fault not the company that employs them. Even if a womans breast enhancement surgery goes wrong, she might be blamed simply because she chose to have a surgery for vain, selfish reasons either than medical. These cases rarely provoke sympathy from the court Nevertheless, there is a certain image or myth concerning victimization from white-collar crime. Regulatory law is set up in such a way that Croall (1992) states that consumers, workers and the public be protected from harm which they cannot combat. The consumer is unable to judge how genuine the product is, or if they are buying medicine, how harmful the side effects are. Thus if several people are killed in a workplace, the deaths are put down as something that could not be avoided rather than a companys neglect. In this stereotypical light, the law regarding white-collar crime can be rather skewed and misguided. An organization can be criticized by its misuse of the environment but anything concerning the well-being of the workers it employs is ignored. If a company bus crashes, the deaths of the innocent passengers within will draw the sympathy and not the driver who probably will be blamed for the incident for his or her carelessness. Victimization relating to white-collar crimes completely strays from the term conventional victimology which describes victimization on individual, conventional cases. Instead, it belongs to critical victimology which basically defines victims we cannot see (Walklate 1999). White-collar offences are, practically, invisible Despite all that, white-collar offences are quite capable of causing direct harm to a person and his finally. Trust is automatically lost and there is a sense of betrayal when financial fraud occurs and Levi (1999) states: Fraud lead to broken dreamsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦frauds can destroy happiness permanently, just as readily as any other crimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Because victims know they have supplied funds or goods voluntarily and because the loss of their financial cushion makes meaningless all their lifelong savings and sacrifices. There is also a sense of betrayed trust when death is involved amongst employees due to a companys negligence. The grief felt is even heavier when the victims body takes some time to be recovered or one who has survived a horrible accident suffers from survivors guilt (Wells 1995). White-collar crime though often seen as indirect, can also cause physical damage to its victims and threaten the safety within ones family home. For instance, counterfeit goods and mass-produced food can be harmful or even tap water which is not properly monitored and/or cleansed. Even ones workplace could not be viewed as safe, say if a worker has strong allergic reactions to the pollen surrounding the area. White-collar victimization is not limited to humans; even the wildlife is threatened from pollution caused by large industries. Corporate crime can even lead to the loss of a quality life within a community. A large industry can easily squash any fine balance within the community, whether it is environmental or economical. Examples of these are waste disposal, noise pollution, drainage in resources and a rise in taxes. Large corporations suddenly settling down in a quite community often and do threaten any local small businesses which used to reside previously. Economic offences caused by white-collar crime are often felt by institutions rather than a single persons misfortune. An institution can suffer from money theft and corruption but sometimes, in order not to lose a grip in the market, the institution will either lower salaries or raise prices to counter this. Even in the name of competition amongst themselves, companies will break rules and spy on each other or go as far as to sabotage each others projects. White-collar crime also spans nationally and even globally. One might think that offences against a form of government might not deal with any victimization, but nonetheless it can indirectly affect individuals, such as increasing tax and decreasing public resources. In this case, it is hard to form any bonds of trust in organizations such as the police force if the latter is set deep into corruption. Globally, currency frauds particularly when it involves the Euro can lead to great losses and/or any frauds concerning public waste disposal and food will inevitably damage public health and safety. Either way, white-collar crime even if it seems impersonal can affect the individual. It is often asked, which individual is affected by white-collar crime and whether social status, gender or age comes into play. It is however, difficult to specify as white-collar crime is vague at best to begin with and crime surveys do not exactly touch that particularly subject as a result. Still, victimization does target several vulnerable groups more than others. There is a difference in victimization where gender is involved, as several feminist criminologists will argue. For instance, any fraud and accidents caused by pharmacy products usually affects the female population. Even in the workforce, women seem more vulnerable simply because they lack the technical expertise and thus render them more open to fraud scams. Even larger cases are schemes involving companies and falsely researched contraceptives which led to birth defects, infection and abortions/miscarriages. This did not stop the companies from distributing their dangerous products to needy, lower-classed countries. Even women seeking to enhance their looks with beauty products can be harmed. And those having breast surgery are not exempt either. In addiction, a wide array of side effects can follow dietary pills; there are 35 recorded deaths in the United States from these pills during the 1970s and 1980s. Products which are not genuine can often contain dangerous ingredients suc h as certain acids which are not labeled down. Corporate crime certainly expands to victimization of women in the workforce, for example Pearce and Tombs (1998) note that 20 million women work in conditions there are toxic risks a rather disturbing figure indeed. Furthermore, many women suffer from sexual harassment during work hours, particularly from their superiors, but are often forced not to seek legal help due to blackmail and fear of losing their jobs. There are many cases where men use their trustful profession of, say, a doctor in order to sexually harass their female patients. Even if white-collar crime does not harm a woman physically, it can still harm her economically. Expensive label products boasting miracle results are released daily, boxed in even more expensive, fancy packaging. These sort of products aim towards the disillusioned housewife who wishes to beautify herself and again the marketing behind the product takes advantage of the assumption that a woman lacks the knowledge in financial matters. Of course, this also boils down to false advertisement; the miracle results that the product claims to achieve are very misleading. More so, the products container is double walled thus containing far less than they should. Illusions of a products results are not just based on make up; salesmen, builders and investors often take advantage of the situation by catching a customer unawares. Despite the fact that victimization seems to be based on gender, women are not the only ones who are targeted by white-collar offences. Men are also in great risk; they can suffer from neglect concerning the rules at highly dangerous workplaces such as an oil rig or a mining tunnel. Still, women are more susceptible to product scams it seems, forever seeking ways to beautify themselves as society dictates them to. Corporate offences do not stop at gender, they continue to differences of age as well; the young and the old who in reality, need to depend upon others. The old are often victims when there is a serious neglect in food rules and regulations and often contract illnesses as a result. And like women, they also avidly spend a fortune on anti-age products which falsely advertise. Both children and the elderly can suffer physical and sexual abuse and usually they cannot complain; the elderly confused with their old age and the children too young to understand the meaning of morals. Most of the times, the old suffer when they are placed in an old peoples home- there, they are frequently neglected, fed unhealthy foods and given the wrong medicine which can be proved fatal. Children fall victim to unsafe toys and students can fall victim to their landlords where they are forced to inhabit an abode which fails all of its safety regulations due to their limited finances. Most famous of all are the pension schemes and home security. The elderly often fear of burglary and this can be taken advantage of selling them alarm systems that are counterfeit. White-collar crime often gives out the misconception that the poorer classes are robbed so that the rich can benefit, however its definition and the cases regarding it are much more complex than that (Van Swaaningen, 1997). Sometimes it is the rich that are targeted, lured into risky investments or those miracle beauty products simply because they believe that they have the money to spend it all. After all, how can a woman of the lower classes be able to afford breast surgery? Then of course, one might argue that that particular woman will probably be forced to buy a counterfeit product just because she could not afford the genuine article. Furthermore, evidence leads to state that the impact of larger scale corporate offences are more scattered; a train accident due to poor engineering and the deaths that follow regardless of social status, age or gender. And yet, one can not ignore how age and gender is significant to victimization. These conflicting discussions are coined by Levi (1995) as a complex moral arena. To further complicate things, it is general knowledge that well-to-do organizations will have an effect on struggling small businesses such as, buying them out or stealing their customers. Or, small businesses will target their poorer customers. Another fact is that it is the poorer consumer that feels the need to buy the cheapest product available and accidents in the workforce are usually workers who are confined to menial labour. Even on a global scale, it is usually a third world country that receives the waste dumping. To put it bluntly, it is the lower classes who feel the effect of corporate crime as they cannot compensate any resources stolen or wasted unlike their richer counterparts. They cannot seek legal advice as confidently as those who are more knowledgeable in matters regarding the market and thus, usually avoid any financial scam in the form of bad investments or dubious pension schemes. In short, those desperate few who lack the necessary information will most likel y be targeted. Unfortunately, white-collar victimization is not even listed in the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board and any other organizations that deal with victim support. There has not been any organized movement in support of this particular victimization (there was a movements in the United States that seemed promising but over exaggerated). This is due to the fact that white-collar crime is not viewed as dramatic and important as normal street-crime victimization; the victims often do not report their grievances, most of their misfortune is viewed as trivial and often blamed upon themselves. Unlike, for instance, victims of abuse, they do not form conferences and unanimously protest. In any event, the only movements that are formed are often associated with the environment or food. There is hope however. A victim does have the right to pursue legal action such as a law suit but sadly, the only time that a group is formed is usually after a large-scale calamity. Still, an organized group has a better chance of actually having something done rather than an individual struggling on his own. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the vast majority of white-collar and corporate crime is certainly not victimless. It is merely neglected as such offences are often not reported and thus it is unable to be proven clearly on a crime survey. It is not seen as something dramatic, unlike a vicious murder and is put in the backburner in favour of conventional criminology. People do suffer from white-collar crime, indirectly and directly and it does affect the standard of living whether it is based on local conditions or expanded over the world.