Steel Beams with Timber Webs - 1834 Words

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective of Proposed Project This project will develop models enabling the structural design of steel beams with timber webs (SBTW). The beams analyzed will have three configurations: an I-Beam type where the steel flange width, bf, is greater than the timber web thickness, tw; a Box Beam configuration where the steel flange width is equal to the timber web thickness; and an Architectural Beam style where the steel flange width is less than the timber web thickness and the steel flanges are totally encapsulated within the timber web. The three beam styles are shown in Figure 1. The physical properties of steel beams with timber webs structures are expected to be highly influenced by the nature of the connection between steel and timber. However, the knowledge of the macro-mechanical properties of glued steel-timber joints is still limited. The work to be performed intends to increase the body of knowledge on this subject. This research study was fomented by the desire to reduce the aspect ratio of long span glued laminated beams. Additionally, the architectural style beam has the possibility of providing the necessary fire protection for the steel while being an extremely aesthetic alternative for exposed structures. The steel beam with a timber web would also be a good candidate for stringer highway bridges with a glulam deck intended for secondary roads. These bridges could be rapidly installed with a minimum of skilled labor decreasing road closureShow MoreRelatedTimber Informative Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesSRT153  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Building  Materials  Science   Material  Report   Mitchell  Young      Timber  has  been  extensively  used  over  the  past  century  for  many  residential   constructions,  furnishings,  frames,  floorings  and  facades.  It’s  been  a  strong  component  in   architectural  developments  and  with  such  use,  it’s  recognized  in  the  availability,   renewability,  environmental  friendly,  strength,  weight,  price,  and  durability.1  Within   Australia,  90  percent  of  their  housing  frames  are  made  from  timber  due  to  its  sustainability   and  energy  required  to  produce  itRead MoreStructural Use of Timber Essay2878 Words   |  12 Pagesof Timber in Timber Framed Buildings | Civil Engineering Construction 1 | | Adam Roberts | 13/12/2011 | | Table of Contents The History of Timber Framed Construction 1 Modern Timber Frame Construction 2 Multi Storey Timber Frame Construction 5 Benefits and Drawbacks of Timber Framed Construction 7 References 8 The History of Timber Framed Construction Timber framed construction has been â€Å"used in Europe and Asia since the 9th century† (Wikipedia, 2011) . Timber framedRead MoreSteel Structure Construction5481 Words   |  22 Pagesconcrete, timber, brick, and also steel. In Malaysia, the steel has been used especially for the construction of electric tower, industrial building (factory), roof truss, bridge and more. However, the usage of steel for residential is limited because their usage depends on the accompany with the other material. Steel framed structures are designed with the connections between the separate members treated as either non-rigid or fully rigid joints. The frame consists of horizontal beams in both directionRead MoreThe Diagrid System3289 Words   |  14 Pages| Introduction The term Diagrid is a portmanteau of ‘diagonal grid’ and is a technique typically used for constructing large steel buildings by creating external triangular structures with horizontal support rings. The diagonal members intersect each other and the horizontal rings at a single node. The members combine to create an element similar to a moment frame. In a Diagrid structure, gravity and lateral loads are resisted by all of the members, creating efficiency and large amounts of structuralRead MoreBuilding Construction8401 Words   |  34 Pagesresistance rating – the quantitatively evaluated fire resistance of the structural components. The rating is determined by test procedures simulating fire conditions is expressed in hours. Fire resistance for structural elements such as: †¢ Beams †¢ Columns †¢ Walls partitions †¢ Floor ceiling assemblies †¢ Roof ceiling assemblies It is necessary to erect assemblies in the field exactly as they are tested in the laboratories so that the ratings are obtained. To determineRead MoreStrength of Materials 4th Ed. by Ferdinand L. Singer17787 Words   |  72 PagesPROBLEMS IN NORMAL STRESS Problem 104 A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2. wofkim@yahoo.com ^^ Solution 104 Problem 105 A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig. P-105. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel. Figure P-105 Solution 105 wofkim@yahoo.comRead MoreEssay about part 2 unit 6 building technology8555 Words   |  35 Pagesportal Frame†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Task 2 (P6) Describe construction techniques†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Timber Framed........................................................................................................................................................9 Steel Framed.....................................................................................................................................................9 Read MoreFire Load Performance Characteristics Of Metal1352 Words   |  6 Pagesweight. METAL GUSSET PLATE TRUSSES Generally most pre-engineered metal plate truss systems use 2x4 Spruce-Pine-Fir No. 2 or better throughout the entire truss assembly which are connected with metal gusset plates (16, 18, or 20 gauge galvanized steel). The gusset plates are 0.062in thick, 0.05in thick, or 0.038in thick with teeth on one side that range from 3/8in. to 1/2in. in length that are punched into the truss members. The advantages of a metal gusset plate’s behavior while being exposedRead MoreFire Load Performance Characteristics Of Metal1362 Words   |  6 Pagesweight. METAL GUSSET PLATE TRUSSES Generally most pre-engineered metal plate truss systems use 2x4 Spruce-Pine-Fir No. 2 or better throughout the entire truss assembly which are connected with metal gusset plates (16, 18, or 20 gauge galvanized steel). The gusset plates are 0.062in thick, 0.05in thick, or 0.038in thick with teeth on one side that range from 3/8in. to 1/2in. in length that are punched into the truss members. The advantages of a metal gusset plate’s behavior while being exposedRead MoreQuestions On Structural Insulation Panels1965 Words   |  8 PagesMaintenance and Aftercare Cases have shown that SIPs cores especially the joint connections have been emptied and used as a nest by insects. In order to prevent this problem, some of the SIPs are formed with borate-treated foam and specially designed steel mesh can be deterred termites. (Cold Climate Housing Research Center, 2015) The damaged panel needs to confirm whether it is cosmetic damage or structural damage by a structural engineer. The origin of moisture must be founded identified and fixed

Important Lines of Latitude and Longitude

Four of the most significant imaginary lines running across the surface of Earth are the equator, the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, and the prime meridian. While the equator is the longest line of latitude on Earth (the line where Earth is widest in an east-west direction), the tropics are based on the suns position in relation to Earth at two points of the year. All three lines of latitude are significant in their relationship between Earth and the sun. Running in the opposite direction, north-south, the prime meridian is one of the most important lines of longitude on Earth. Equator The equator is located at zero degrees latitude. The equator runs through Indonesia, Ecuador, northern Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Kenya, among other countries. It is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km) long. On the equator, the sun is directly overhead at noon on the spring and fall equinoxes—around March 21 and September 21 each year. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. On the equator, the length of day and night are equal every day of the year: day is always 12 hours long, and night is always 12 hours long. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn each lie at 23.5 degrees latitude. The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5 degrees north of the equator and runs through Mexico, the Bahamas, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and southern China. The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23.5 degrees south of the equator and runs through Australia, Chile, southern Brazil (Brazil is the only country that passes through both the equator and a tropic), and northern South Africa. The tropics are the two lines where the sun is directly overhead at noon on the two solstices—about June 21 and December 21. The sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Cancer on June 21 (the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of winter in the Southern Hemisphere), and the sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Capricorn on December 21 (the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere). The reason for the location of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn at 23.5 degrees north and south, respectively, is due to the axial tilt of the Earth. The Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees from the plane of the Earths revolution around the sun each year. The area bounded by the Tropic of Cancer on the north and Tropic of Capricorn on the south is known as the tropics. This area does not experience seasons, because the sun is always high in the sky. Only higher latitudes, north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn, experience significant seasonal variation in climate. Areas in the tropics can be cold, however. The peak of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaii stands nearly 14,000 feet above sea level, and snow is not unusual. If you live north of the Tropic of Cancer or south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the sun will  never  be directly overhead. In the United States, for example, Hawaii is the only location in the country that is south of the Tropic of Cancer, and it is thus the only location in the United States where the sun will be directly overhead in the summer. Prime Meridian While the equator divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, it is the prime meridian at zero degrees longitude and the line of longitude opposite the prime meridian (near the International Date Line) at 180 degrees longitude that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. The Eastern Hemisphere consists of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, while the Western Hemisphere includes North and South America. Some geographers place the boundaries between the hemispheres at 20 degrees west and 160 degrees east to avoid running through Europe and Africa. Unlike the equator, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn, the prime meridian and all lines of longitude are completely imaginary lines and have no significance to Earth or its relationship with the sun.

Variances Between Learning Styles And Academics Education Essay Free Essays

string(287) " of the learning manner penchant of pupils, development theories in larning manners have been expanded which harmonizing to Hall and Mosley \( 2005 \) have produced in no fewer than 71 different theoretical accounts which normally portion the same features yet each has alone positions\." Students learn in diverse ways, each of them has their ain different manners or penchants in the manner they recognize and process information. Taking into considerations these penchants is of predominating important in the instruction – acquisition patterned advance. The mode by which each pupil learns will make a landscape by which the pupils will either maintain or keep their knowing knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Variances Between Learning Styles And Academics Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the pedagogues ‘ cognition about the pupils larning manner is beyond uncertainty. Alfonseca et. Al. ( 2006 ) emphasis that to be witting of the pupils ‘ acquisition manners will ease the adaptation of suited techniques and methods to fit with the pupils ‘ disposition. The ways by which an person scholar normally obtains, sustains and recovers information are defined as the individual ‘s acquisition manners ; it indicates a general penchant for larning ( Knowles et.al. 2005 ) . these larning manners recognize that pupils learn in different ways. By stressing larning manner, attending will be on the scholars and by so making they will acquire to be familiar with the mode they learn which Hall and Mosley ( 2005 ) assert will bring forth constructive effect on their motive to larn. Acknowledging the pupils ‘ larning manner may good help pedagogues go more sensitive to the differences pupils bring in the schoolroom ; therefore can function as usher in planing acquisition experiences that go with the pupils larning manners. Cuthbert ( 2005 ) stated that consciousness of the acquisition manners is critical for to leting accommodation in the pedagogues ‘ pedagogic attacks. Gadth-Johnson and Price ( 2000 ) pointed out that there is a powerful relationship between a scholar ‘s alone learning manner and their academic accomplishment. Significance of the Study It is the duty of everyone who takes portion in the educational system to make and develop valuable and competent acquisition environment whereby enhanced acquisition is afforded to all most specially to the scholars. The consequences of the survey will help in planing more effectual and synergistic schoolroom experiences to elate the value of larning. The instructors may cognize of which larning manner pupils perform good and could work out for different attacks to guarantee first-class academic public presentation of pupils. Taking into history the consequence which may be brought approximately by the consciousness of the pupils larning manner to the academic accomplishment of the pupils, it may besides enforce an consequence on the pupil abrasion which is one of the university ‘s foremost concern. When pupils learn fast, they perform better, derive more assurance and go more motivated to go on their instruction. The survey will happen its following measure for future researc h workers to research the relationships of the acquisition manners with the other dimensions of the educational procedure in wider position. The survey is limited to the first twelvemonth pupils of AMA International University -Bahrain. It is fundamentally to analyze the average differences of the acquisition manners in concurrence with the demographics of the pupils which include: age, gender, and BS plan enrolled. This is non strictly study research. The Index of Learning Style developed by Felder and Solomon is used to place and analyze the discrepancies between larning manners and academic accomplishments of the pupils. The academic accomplishment of the respondents will be determined by the class point norm ( GPA ) of the pupils during the first trimester. Statement of the Problem Learning manner has its insightful impact on the peculiar dimensions of instruction and acquisition procedures. Students have their ain preferable manner to acknowledge, retain and recover information. The survey will research on the indices of discrepancies between pupil ‘s acquisition manners and their academic accomplishments. Using consciousness of larning manner within the educational background promotes more effectual acquisition. In add-on, lifting the consciousness of pedagogues sing the diverse acquisition attacks will ease them to be resourceful and adoptable in their instruction strategies. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Learning is by and large identified with a alteration in behaviour. Most of us understand it as a merchandise of a procedure by which behaviour transforms as a consequence of a learning experience. Harmonizing to Rogers A. ( 2003 ) there are two contrasting attacks to back up larning as a class of action or a procedure which brought about transmutation or alteration ; the Task- witting or Acquisition acquisition and the Learning- witting or Formalized acquisition. Acquisition larning refers to the unconscious acquisition or merely called contained acquisition. The scholar may non be witting of it but is normally cognizant that a definite undertaking is at manus and after executing the undertaking, alteration takes topographic point. Formalized larning on the other manus takes topographic point from the class of easing larning. It is educative instead than accretion of experiences. In this attack, the scholar is cognizant that what he is making involves larning. Formalized acquisition is doing leaner witting of the acquisition and therefore heightening it farther. On this note, heightening larning would intend affecting the scholars in the procedure ; it necessitates acknowledgment of how they learn in order for larning to be successful ; therefore a survey of pupils larning manners is beyond uncertainty a necessity to appreciate the procedure called acquisition. The survey of larning manners has been recognized in the recent old ages as significantly imperative in assisting pupils learn successfully. Today more than of all time, the educational universe is get downing up the importance of acknowledging and spoting the assorted ways pupils learn and placing the critical functions it takes portion in achieving permeant academic success ( Collinson, 2000 ) . This besides leads to several surveies bespeaking the benefit that instructors gain from developing an apprehension of how pupils learn every bit good as its consequence on their instruction. Learning Style Models The look â€Å" learning manner † has many elements and can be characterized as the scholars ‘ dependable manner of moving in response to and the usage of stimulations in the context of larning. It has been explored from psychological, societal and educational point of views. To assist research workers in their probe of the learning manner penchant of pupils, development theories in larning manners have been expanded which harmonizing to Hall and Mosley ( 2005 ) have produced in no fewer than 71 different theoretical accounts which normally portion the same features yet each has alone positions. You read "Variances Between Learning Styles And Academics Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Some of these theoretical accounts are briefly discussed and so a farther effort to speak about the Felder and Silverman ‘s theoretical account in order provides grasp of its usage that pertains specifically to this survey. Kolb ‘s learning manner theoretical account finds its foundation in Jung ‘s theory. It classifies scholars into four types based on their penchants on how to take and integrate information viz. ; obliger, diverger, learner, and converger. While each individual has his ain disposition, Loo ( 2004 ) asserted that efficiency is based upon the competency to move in response to assorted larning state of affairss by successfully doing usage of each manner as contrasting to merely using the preferable manner regardless of the conditions. Kolb ‘s experiential tilting theoretical account efforts to integrate each manner of larning into four-stage series or rhythm that consistently directs scholars from concrete experiences to the patterned advance of constructs that will function as springboard for fresh experiences ( Loo, 2004 ) . A ring separated in quarter-circles depicts each phase, which are all deemed of import for experiential acquisition ; nevertheless advocates of t his theory have the same sentiment that persons have a preferable phase in which acquisition is found to be most comfy. ( Goby A ; Lewis, 2000 ) . As a effect ( Young, 2002 ) noted that any phase preferred by an person can function as get downing point for acquisition. Dunn and Dunn acquisition manners theoretical account is another manner of presenting and measuring intelligence. The attack is founded on the construct that intelligence is non definitively linked to talent or inborn capablenesss ( Denig, 2004 ; Dunn et.al 2001 ; Lovelace, 2005. ) as a replacing for perceptual experience, comprehension, the accomplishment of cognition through experiences and analytical problem-solving and decision- devising accomplishments are acceptable and valid presentation of intelligence ( Denig, 2004 ) . This learning Style theoretical account respects 20 elements that form pupil larning which include puting, emotionalism, sociological fancy, physiological peculiarity and psychosomatic processing dispositions. The Dunn and Dunn larning manner theoretical account puts frontward the idea that scholars should be trained to use their chief or chief learning manner to analyze and larn new resources ( Denig 2004 ) . Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or the MBTI categorizes pupils as sociable or lone wolf, antiphonal or inventive, intellectuals or antenna and judgers or percipients. Despite the fact that MBTI is a behavior appraisal, the information that is assembled has frequently been related to how people think, learn and make judgement. In actuality, all people exhibit features of each of the four classs, but persons play their singularity in the extent to which they employ these features and the person ‘s effectivity in making so. McPherson ( 1999 ) maintained the weight of this connexion by his claim that the instructor ‘s cognition of pupils ‘ personality type can reenforce the development of important category activities. Summarizing up the theoretical accounts presented, two points were given accent ; different persons procedure information across many content countries, cognitive and affectional procedures are acknowledged to significantly spread out our penetrations into the issues that relate to motive which is an indispensable constituent of acquisition. ( Vawda A. 2005 ) Felder and Silverman ‘s Model for Learning Styles The research worker in the current survey adopted Felder and Silverman ‘s ( 1988 ) theoretical account to place the participants ‘ acquisition manner for the ground that this theoretical account intended for a comprehensive system of larning manners which help pedagogues be more cognizant of the demands of the pupils and adjust their direction consequently. ( Jarvis, 2005 ) . In add-on, each of the dimensions in this theoretical account is parallel with the other acquisition manners model although the combination is alone ( Felder and Spurlin, 2005 ) . Furthermore it was noted that one of the advantages of these theoretical account over the others is the richer and more flexible sliding graduated tables support sorting the pupils manners ( Alfonseca, 2006 ) Felder and Silverman ‘s ( 1988 ) theoretical account is used to sort larning manners in footings of four dimension ; comprehending information ( Sensing/ Intuitive ) inputting information ( Visual/Verbal ) treating information ( Active/Reflective ) and understanding ( Sequential/ Global ) . Feeling scholars like to larn inside informations and concrete stuffs. They like to work out job with typical attacks. . They are healthy and sensible and be given to be more practical. In contrast, Intuitive scholars have a penchant to larn abstract larning stuffs such as theory and implicit in significances. Active scholars learn best by executing actively with available larning stuffs or seeking things out by themselves. On the other manus brooding scholars prefer to believe about and reflect on the stuffs. Ocular scholars are more able to retrieve best what they have seen while verbal scholars get textual representations irrespective of the fact whatever they are written or spoken. Conse cutive scholars are those who learn in little incremental stairss and have linear learning advancement. They follow consistent stepwise waies in happening solutions. Global scholars conversely use a holistic judgement procedure and learn in great bounds. They tend to absorb learning resources randomly without seeing connexions but after they learned adequate stuffs they out of the blue get the whole image. Table illustrates the four dimensions. Academic Achievement founded on Learning Style Learning manners can ease a more easy and successful propensity of the pupils ( Prabhakar and Swapna, 2009 ) . Awareness of their learning manner is indistinguishable to understanding their laterality and weaknesses ; this in bend provides them better motive. The degree of larning achieved by a pupil is one of the success indexs of a learning environment. Several surveies have shown that academic public presentation of pupils is related to their acquisition manners ( Rasimah et.al, 2008 ) . Without taking into history the instrument used, many surveies have revealed that the acquisition manners has an of import function in the academic public presentation of the pupils. The recognition of the acquisition manners in the acquisition landscape have uncovered a agency to an improved trial tonss while a dissension in larning uniqueness and learning environment resulted in decreased achievement. ( Andrews, 1990 ) . ` The look larning manner has been attributed in a broad scope of surveies which have been founded to be decidedly related with specific facets of acquisition and measured larning results in footings of academic accomplishment. Learning manners similarly takes portion in the schoolroom public presentation. Decisions from the assorted research workers showed that tonss in larning manners become from independent variable and is a step of the academic success of the scholars. ( Rayneri and Gerber, 2004 ) Surveies on Learning Style and Academic Achievement There are a figure of surveies that explored the relationship between larning manner and academic public presentation in varied subjects. Some of these surveies indicated connexion between public presentation accomplishment and the meeting learning manner ( Mainemelis et. al. , 2002 ; Rutz 2003 ) while others surveies expounded on the differences in the acquisition manners penchant and the academic public presentation. Dyrsdale, Ross and Schulz ( 2001 ) made a survey on the overall academic achievement ( GPA ) of 4546 pupils enrolled at the metropolitan Canadian university in 19 introductory university classs based on their prima acquisition manners and came up with a decision that 9 of the 19 classs concerned in the survey, the dominant manner was concrete consecutive and that these pupils have a leaning to higher classs. Concrete random scholars ‘ public presentations varied and abstract random scholars appeared to fight academically as a group. Cartmell, Majors, Ashlock and Sitton ( 2007 ) compared the acquisition manner and GPA ‘s and demographics ( Gender, categorization ( Senior, Juniors, Sophomore, Freshman and lasting residence ) of 135 pupils enrolled in agricultural communicating at Oklahoma State University. Most of the pupils were found to be concrete consecutive scholars and these pupils had overall GPA ‘s higher than the other pupils that are classified harmonizing to the other acquisition manners. Lehman ( 2011 ) conducted a survey on the relationship of acquisition manners, class Markss and instructional favourites every bit good as gender differences related to larning manners in an introductory biological science class at Longwood University. She found out that of the 173 pupils, 39 % had concrete consecutive acquisition manners and 12 % of them were abstract random scholars while 21 % were concrete random scholars. She made a decision that there was no major disparity in between gender, Markss, or instructional penchants based on larning manners. Myers and Dyer ( 2006 ) have discovered out that there were no important differences in the acquisition manners of males and females enrolled in agricultural leading development class at the University of Florida yet, they have found out that for scholars with deeply rooted abstract consecutive acquisition manner, their critical thought ability evaluations were significantly higher than the other deep rooted learning manners. Thomas et.al. , ( 2002 ) made a survey on the acquisition manners of pupils enrolled in an introductory scheduling class. The bulk of the pupils in the survey were assessed as detection, ocular, brooding and consecutive. Consequences showed that in the exam part of the class, important differences were perceived in the pupils ‘ public presentation ; between reflective and active scholars, brooding scholars got higher tonss while between verbal and ocular scholars, verbal scholars perform better. How to cite Variances Between Learning Styles And Academics Education Essay, Essay examples

Contemporary Issues in Law and Society †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Law and Society. Answer: Introduction The best way to define torture is such practices or actions, where severe pain is inflicted on a person so as to force them to either say something or to get them to do something (Hamm, 2007). When a person is tortured, it is deemed that the human rights of an individual are breached and this is the reason why prohibition on torture is deemed as the bedrock principle under the international laws. Torture is an inhumane degrading treatment which is banned across the globe, which includes even such areas where a war is going on. However dire, no national emergency can justify the use of torture. And yet, a number of nations and the armed groups engage in torture for one or the other purpose. To get information on military or national secrets or to get information on where a particular thing is torture is often used (Human Rights Watch, 2017). It is natural to assume that torture is a bad thing. When faced with the fear of life and that of extreme pain, the individuals often lie just to be saved from being tortured. Even though torture is neither lawful nor ethical, it is still permitted in certain societies. And this begs the question of whether torture actually gets the right information, apart from being a morally wrong thing. The thesis statement is that torture which is prevalent in some societies should not be allowed as it does not result in truth being told. The questions which would be researched here are whether such torture techniques are necessary? Whether this is the only medium of attaining the right information? And whether allowing such inhumane thing for truth is worth it? As per one of the articles hosted by Huffington Post, the defence of torture was presented by Sam Harris. He quoted the ticking bomb scenario in order to favour torture of humans, in particular situations. Where a known terrorist plants a bomb, in the very heart of a city and sits before the custody of a person, what would the person do? What should such a human do when the terrorist gloats about the explosion that is coming and which would cause major destruction to everyone in that city. When there is a chance to prevent this imminent threat, by using the techniques of torture and by subjecting the other person to unpleasant and inhumane treatment, would that be deemed as justified? In the debate of ethics of torture, this is deemed as the ticking bomb case. If the reader in the view of Harris (2011) is not moved by the conventional bomb scenario, he states that the same should be replaced by a nuclear bomb than. He emphasized on considering that when terrorists do not care about t he thousands of innocents non-combatants and kill them without blinking an eye, why should they be saved and not be tortured? Is there life more valuable in comparison to that of the infant who just came to the world, or the elderly who tackled the difficulties of life, only to die by the hands of a bombing? Hence, when one can guarantee that so much misery and death can be avoided, then why the terrorists should not be given the rod? The stated that Osama bin Laden should have been tortured, so that hundreds of children had not been slaughtered. He quoted Jonathan Glover, the famous philosopher, where he had stated that when it came to modern war, the most shocking aspect was the poor guide to what is to be deemed as most harmful. He identified the need for an ideal torture pill which would be easily concealed and yet be an instrument to torture, to transit misery and paralysis, which can lead to the terrorist speaking the truth. He stated that the ones, who go against torture, do not seem to comprehend the right kind of torture to get the truth (Harris, 2011). Similar views were presented by Ekman (2016) where he stated that the Republican candidate recommended the torture of the terrorist suspects. Even though Dick Cheney advocated use of torture, the same was not upheld by the President Obama. Obama always condemned torture as a policy to justify the backward steps. Ekman (2016) rightly highlighted that torture did provide reliable information, which could help in settling the issue. He even examined both the sides to come to his conclusion, i.e., one side which condemns the use of torture and the other which upholds the use of torture. He stated that even when torture was allowed and useful information was attained, it could not be possible to know if that particular information is actually true or is accurate, as the probability always remains that the person would speak anything to avoid torture. He also stated that there was a chance that even when the person was speaking the truth, it latter on becomes false, and this again proves t hat contorting to techniques of torture is not the right manner of solving a possible situation (Ekman, 2016). He also questioned upon the harsh interrogation being a success in avoiding attacks like 9/11. He referred to the totalitarian societies of the Soviets and the Nazis, who had no qualms regarding the usage of torture that even these societies were unable to prevent attacks against their civilians and leaders. Same was the case with the methods used by England which were deemed as unlawful by the European Courts and deemed as reprehensible by the Royal Commission, which could not stop the IRA attacks. He stated that no matter how harsh the punishment was used, such attacks could never be completed prevented. And just because it may possibly help, is not a justified reason to abandon the moral foundations of a person (Ekman, 2016). In one of the reports by BBC, the ticking bomb argument was tested where a poll was conducted in 2006 and people were asked about whether torture which could save lives should be deemed as a justification for the suspects being mistreated. This questionnaire was filled in 25 nations where over 27,000 people were questioned. 59% people, across the globe stated that they deemed torture as wrong and were not willing to compromise on the human rights. The opposition was highest in Italy, with 81% votes against torture. Only 20% though that the governments should be allowed to use some degree of torture in specific situations. However, those nations which were engaged in struggle against political violence supported the use of torture; Israel got 43%, Iraq got 42%, India got 32% votes that where torture could save lives, it should be carried. Though, the poll did show that even in such nations, the view of the majority was against torture (BBC, 2014). In the backdrop of 9/11, an article published in The Economist questioned on the torture as a justified means of extracting information, particularly when the terrorist hid in civilian population and where information mattered way more in a war against terrorism. And even this report denied the use of torture as a justified means. In order to give this answer, the article cited different international treaties like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Geneva Conventions and also the UN Convention against Torture, which put a strict ban over any sort of degrading, cruel of inhuman treatment and this is true even in cases of war. Apart from genocide, as per this article, was the only crime which required to be punished irrespective of the time and place of committing this crime. The article also highlights the place where line can be drawn when it comes to such torture. Can a person tickled into submission, persuaded to say the truth, or does it require brandin g the person with red hot irons or maybe beating the individual into a pulp (The Economist, 2007). And also questions on the guarantee of this technique being a success (Jones-Cruise, 2016). Roth and Worden (2005) questioned the very notion of use of torture, which is given as a justification, particularly in context of the ticking time bomb matter. They discussed the issue from a human rights perspective and stated whether torture can actually make the people feel safe or feel okay. The position of moral absolutism, as had been highlighted by Nye (2005) provides that the people should the right thing only when they are right, instead of analysing or evaluating the results of their acts. This perspective condemns torture as being a practice which was unacceptable and also argues that torture should be banned in absolute as it was against the concept of respecting the human rights. Torture was an unjustified thing based on human rights grounds as it dehumanizes people by manipulating them like pawns through pain. Forsythe (2006) noted that even though the rule of law and support for human rights is upheld by the democratic nations, they do adopt repressive policies when t hey have a possible threat to the security of the nation. In view of Dershowitz (2004) torture is something which will occur inevitable and thus, there was a need to adopt a more realistic approach so as to emphasize upon accountability, which could help in minimizing the occurrence of torture and also reduce hypocrisy. However, some scholars adopt the utilitarian argument and criticized the moral perfectionism of the absolutists stating that there was a need for the justice to be done (Levinson, 2004). Elshtain (2004) stated that there was a far more great guilt which the person with authority has to face when they allow the deaths of thousands of innocent people, instead of opting for torture of a person who is complicit or guilty. Bowden (2003) and Posner (2004) stated that in order to effectively deal with the threats which are posed on the national security and for saving innocent lives, there was a need to sacrifice the needs of some; and so, it was justified to contort to torture to obtain key information from the enemy soldiers in order to prevent future attacks. This viewpoint lines up with the ticking bomb case. Green (2005) cited the example of TV show 24 to show how audience perceives it as okay when the hero tortures the terrorist to get certain information. John Stuart Mill, who was a famous philosopher, supported the Utilitarianism viewpoint. He believed that in order to for the greater good, the torture of some was justified. Dershowitz (2004) cited Jeremy Bentham, the utilitarian philosopher as a proponent of torture. Peter Singer, who is deemed as the most controversial philosopher till date, supported the notion of torturing the terrorist in order to safeguard and uphold the greater good (Schaler, 2011). Due to this utilitarian and absolutist position, there is a major uncertainty towards the subject of torture. The policymakers and the public cannot legitimize the use of torture as it clearly breaches the human rights. And even the public opinion polls have shown that torture should never be used even when it can result in getting some vital information (Thomas Hirsh, 2005). The moral stigma, which is undeniable and which is associated with torture is the reason why the public prefers not to know the details which are often plausibly denied by the government leaders, in order to shield themselves in a moral and legal manner (Hersh, 2004). Bowden (2003) has highlighted that the support towards torture stems from the fact that in certain cases, it does help in attaining the desired results, but at the same time, he highlighted that torture does not work always. Carter (2004) highlighted that the information which was attained through torture of the captives led to the successful arrest of Saddam Hussein in the last month of 2003. Though, at the same time, he stated that a huge chunk of literature indicated that coercive interrogations usually extract only unreliable intelligence in way more cases compared to such cases where this information is proved to be of help. Budiansky (2005) highlighted that abusing the prisoners was not a moral or a legal manner of getting information; and also that the same was majorly ineffective. Van Natta (2004) quoted the Army Field Manual where it was stated that the technique which proves to be more effective when dealing with the questioning of prisoners was the direct approach in which the prisoner was asked direct questions with any kind of pressure or coercion. Even though the controversy which surrounds the effectiveness of the torture as a technique continues on, the high number of experts criticizing the use of inhumane techniques vastly undermines the case to adopt torture as a generalized practice to obtain information. Bagaric and Clarke (2005) highlighted the ethics of use of torture, based on the pro torture argument which is given based on the ticking bomb scenario. They stated that when the person is dealt with such a situation, and when there is not enough time to use some other technique apart from torture, then the ethics deemed it necessary to use torture. Though, the views presented by Bufacchi and Arrigo (2006) pose a problem to this scenario as this scenario is very inaccurate when it comes to reality and is just a bias which is made to favour torture. They also stated that torture has no technique or benchmark, so the evidence which is procured from using such techniques lacks the proper validity. Costanzo and Gerrity (2009) also questioned the possibility that the person, who has been detained, even if a known terrorist, might not actually have the required information to prevent the ticking time bomb situation. And that it may also happen that the information may not be the truth. Thu s, there was no way of knowing if this technique was actually of help (Houck et al., 2014). Advice to Parliament From the media review and the literature review presented above, one thing becomes very clear, that even though there are a high number of people who favour torture as a technique of interrogation, it continues to be seen as an unethical and an immoral thing used for abstracting information. And based on this analysis, certain recommendations have been drawn for the Parliament of Australia, along with that of the other nations, and even to the key international human right bodies, which are drawn from the analysis conducted above. The first and foremost requirement for the key institutional bodies and the government is to strengthen the human right laws (Human Rights Watch, 2004). This has to be done in a manner where it explicitly states that torture is something which is illegal, unethical and immoral. So, where an individual is found to be engaged in a torture of another, they would be liable to criminal sentencing. There is a need for the Parliament to ratify the UN provisions particularly with regards to Human Rights. Also, to present before the UN, the need for the other nations to adopt the policies where they do not use torture as a means to obtain information or for any other purpose for that matter. There is a strict need for getting the military of the nation under control along with the law enforcement officers and the like, particularly because they are commonly faced with ticking bomb situations. There is a need to adopt the human rights policies by such personnel as they often use torture as a technique to safeguard the greater good. The entities like the United Nation and its associated bodies need to take strict steps against torture, particularly in war stricken nations, where this technique is commonly used. There is also a need for getting the nations to play a proactive role against torture, but asking the governments of different nations to end any and all sort of torture. This is to take place for not only such nations, which are war stricken, but also for the developed nations like the US, where reports have highlighted that torture is commonly used by the military, to gain/ obtain information from the detainee (Gordon, 2014). UNCAT, i.e., UN Convention against Torture, has to be given more due then what is given at the present time (Nowak McArthur, 2008). There is a need for UN to play a proactive role and get the nations to not only ratify UNCAT but also to drawn up legislations, which are in line with this convention. Conclusion On the basis of the discussion carried above, it can be concluded that torture is something which is commonly used by different nations to get some or other information from the detainee. Torture, even though illegal and unethical, is justified with the help of ticking bomb scenario and also by using the ethical theory of Utilitarianism where the greater good is always given emphasis. The media review discussed in this portfolio shows that the majority of people, from different nations, believed that torture as a technique should not be used to gain information, even when it can save lives. The reason for this view is that torture is deemed as an inhumane act, which needs to be eradicated from the society. The literature review presented the arguments for both supporting and opposing torture as a technique of getting information. In this regard, the utilitarianism view showcased the scholars supporting torture in order to save the lives of countless innocents. But the other side high lighted that torture does not only prove to be of help. The literature and the media report also presented that the information which shows that torture does not present useful information as people often lie to be saved from further torture. Thus, the thesis statement which was drawn at the beginning of this discussion, that that torture which is prevalent in some societies should not be allowed as it does not result in truth being told, has successfully been established through the media and literature review. Also, the torture techniques should be avoided and the direct techniques of getting information should be used due to the non reliability of torture and it being a technique which is simply not justified. References Bagaric, M. Clarke, J. (2005). Not enough official torture in the world? The circumstances in which torture is morally justifiable. University of San Francisco Law Review, 39, 581- 616. BBC. (2014). The 'ticking bomb' problem. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/torture/ethics/tickingbomb_1.shtml Bowden, M. (2003). The Dark Art of Interrogation. The Atlantic (October), 51-76. Budiansky, S. (2005). Truth Extraction. The Atlantic (June), 32-34. Bufacchi, V. Arrigo, J.M. (2006). 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